A native file is an electronic document or other file in the original format in which it was created. 

The federal rules of civil procedure were amended in 2006 and again in 2015 to include procedures for dealing with electronically stored information. 

Individuals and entities have a legal duty to preserve potentially relevant documents and ESI as soon as they reasonably anticipate or get involved in a legal dispute.

What is the primary driver of the cost when processing ESI?

Data mapping is the process of creating a list of the IT and data storage systems within an organization. 

It is necessary to implement a litigation hold:

Changes in the brain in old age include:  

Records and information management policies should:

Discovery costs are known to exceed more than 50% of the cost involved in an entire litigation. 

A non-party to a litigation can be made to produce ESI through enforcement of a subpoena.