A patient with refractory hypertension is diagnosed with a pheochromocytoma. What is the underlying cause of hypertension in this condition?

An older adult has lower levels of GH and sex steroids.  What other endocrine change might this patient experience in response to stress? 

A patient with a known history of Crohn disease presents with diarrhea and visible blood in the stool. What is the most likely cause of the bleeding? 

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can be: 

A patient is prescribed a hydrophobic hormone for treatment.  How does this hormone typically function within the body?

An 80-year-old patient has a reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).  What factors contribute to reduced eGFR in older adults? 

Which hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary gland? 

A premature infant is born at 30 weeks gestational age.  How does prematurity affect nephron development and future kidney health? 

A patient with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is experiencing increased intestinal permeability. Which component of the GI tract’s regulation is likely compromised?

A patient is hyperventilating due to anxiety, leading to respiratory alkalosis. What is the primary renal compensation for respiratory alkalosis?