2.2.1 Explain why a coelacanth is sometimes referred to as a “living fossil”. (2)       2.2.2 How old is the coelacanth species thought to be? (1)       2.2.3 In what year was the first coelacanth “re-discovered”? (1)       2.2.4 Why are marine biologists so concerned that the new oil drilling platforms will cause the extinction of the coelacanths?  Provide three original well thought out reasons. (3)       2.2.5 Provide three original well thought out reasons as to why the oil drilling should go ahead. (3)      

3.1.1 Provide a suitable heading for this graph. (2)       3.1.2 Identify the independent variable in this experiment. (1)     3.1.3 Why were kittens of the same litter used in the experiment? (1)       3.1.4 For the kittens in group A – what were the THREE most important sources of energy in their diet? (3)       3.1.5 a)  After how many days did the average mass of Group B start to decrease drastically? (1)         b)  Suggest a reason for this. (2)     c)  What conclusion can you draw from this? (1)       3.1.6 On which days were the masses of groups A and B equal? (2)       3.1.7 What was the average mass of the kittens in group B on day 23? (2)      

3.3 An experiment was carried out by Teneo students to determine the action of the enzyme Pepsin on uncooked egg white.  The students expected to see certain colour changes occurring in the test tubes.   Three test tubes, labelled A, B and C were placed in a water bath of 37C.   Test tube A contained:  3 ml egg white + 1ml pepsin solution + 1ml Biuret reagent   Test tube B contained:  3 ml egg white + 1ml pepsin solution (boiled) + 1ml Biuret reagent   Test tube C contained: 3ml egg white + 1ml pepsin solution    

3.1 In an experiment, kittens of the same litter and with the same average mass were divided into two groups:  A and B. The table below shows the diet these two groups were fed over a period of 50 days.   Group Day 0 to day 20 Day 21 to day 50 A Proteins, glucose, starch, fats, minerals  and water Same as for day 0-20 PLUS 100ml milk every day B Proteins, glucose, starch, fats, minerals and water, PLUS 100ml milk per day Proteins, glucose, starch, fats, minerals and water     The results of this experiment can be seen in the graph attached to the blue button below: TO VIEW THE DIAGRAM, RIGHT CLICK ON THE BUTTON BELOW AND OPEN IT IN A NEW TAB.            

1.5.1 Picture A is showing the skull of “Mrs Ples”.  Give the genus and species of “Mrs Ples”. (2)     1.5.2 Identify the specific place where “Mrs Ples” was discovered. (1)     1.5.3 Give the name of the tree sap that fossil B has been found in. (1)     1.5.4 Identify the type of fossil that is shown in picture C. (2)     1.5.5 Identify by name, the organism shown in picture D. (2)    

  COLUMN I COLUMN II 1.3.1 Vitamin B A.    Can be found in brown rice and wholegrain bread B.     A deficiency can result in Scurvy   1.3.2. Iron A.    Is a component of haemoglobin in the blood B.     A deficiency can cause anaemia   1.3.3. Lipids A.    Consist of C, H, O and N B.     The food test uses a chemical called Iodine solution   1.3.4. Polysaccharides A.    Glycogen is an example of a polysaccharide B.     The monomers are called glycerol.   1.3.5. Glycosidic bond A.     Found between amino acids B.     Found between saccharides  

4. Lees die onderstaande gevallestudie en beantwoord die vrae wat volg:       Ons raak almal soms moeg, veral as ons baie fisieke aktiwiteite gedoen het. Maar vir Jasmin (34-jarige), ‘n voormalige ster op hoërskool, wat nou ‘n ontspanningsloper is, gaan haar moegheid veel verder as wat sy dink normaal sou wees vir iemand met ‘n goeie fisieke vorm.  Sy het uiterste moegheid ervaar na haar lopies, sowel as spierkrampe, spasmas en ‘n ongewone gevoel van swaarkry in haar bene. Aanvanklik het sy dit net gekalk om ouer te word, maar haar uitputting en pyn het vererger tot die punt waar die voormalige atleet nie langer as ‘n paar minute op ‘n slag kon hardloop nie. Sy het sonder enige duidelike rede ander ongewone simptome, soos waasagtige sig , en braking begin ervaar. Besorg gaan Jasmin na haar dokter, wat baie toetse afgelê het en wat verskeie spesialiste geraadpleeg het. Na ‘n paar maande is daar uiteindelik ‘n mitochondriale siekte by haar gediagnoseer. Haar dokter het verduidelik dat dit ‘n afwyking is wat voorkom in die strukture wat energie produseer vir ‘n selfunksie. ‘n Algemene faktor onder mitochondriale siektes is dat die mitochondria nie voedsel en suurstof heeltemal kan verbrand om energie op te wek nie, wat noodsaaklik is vir normale selfunksie. Simptome kan insluit swak groei, vertragings in die ontwikkeling en spierswakheid. Daar is geen geneesmiddel nie, maar fisioterapie en medikasie kan die simptome beheer. https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-college-human-biology-flexbook-2.0/section/4.1/primary/lesson/case-study%253a-the-importance-of-cells    

2.1.1 According to this time scale, in what era did amphibians first appear? (1)     2.1.2 How many years did it take for flowering plants to develop after the first plants colonised the land?  (Show your calculations). (2)       2.1.3 What is the correct biological term for “flowering plants”? (1)     2.1.4 What does the term “mass extinctions” mean? (2)   2.1.5 According to this time scale, how long ago did birds evolve from reptiles? (2)       2.1.6 a)  What is the name of the fossil that was found that provided evidence of the development of birds from reptiles? (1)         b)  Describe three characteristics this organism (that you identified in question 2.1.6 a) had that was similar to reptiles. (3)           c)  Describe three characteristics this organism had that was similar to birds. (3)      

1.5 The blue button below is linked to a variety of skulls and fossils.  Study these pictures carefully and answer the questions that relate to them. TO VIEW THE DIAGRAM, RIGHT CLICK ON THE BUTTON BELOW AND OPEN IT IN A NEW TAB.    

4. Read the case study below and answer the questions that follow:       We all get tired sometimes, especially if we have been doing a lot of physical activity. But for Jasmin, a 34-year-old former high school track star who is now a recreational runner, her tiredness was going far beyond what she thought should be normal for someone in generally good physical shape. She was experiencing extreme fatigue after her runs, as well as muscle cramping, spasms, and an unusual sense of heaviness in her legs. At first, she just chalked it up to getting older, but her exhaustion and pain worsened to the point where the former athlete could no longer run for more than a few minutes at a time. She began to experience other unusual symptoms, such as blurry vision and vomiting for no apparent reason. Concerned, Jasmin went to her doctor, who ran many tests and consulted with several specialists. After several months, she was finally diagnosed with a mitochondrial disease.  Her doctor explained that this is a disorder that occurs when the structures that produce energy for a cell malfunction. A common factor among mitochondrial diseases is that the mitochondria are unable to completely burn food and oxygen to generate energy, which is essential for normal cell function. Symptoms might include poor growth, developmental delays, and muscle weakness. There’s no cure, but physiotherapy and medication can manage symptoms.   https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-college-human-biology-flexbook-2.0/section/4.1/primary/lesson/case-study%253a-the-importance-of-cells