Prokaryotes do not need the enzyme ___________________ because their DNA is circular not linear; hence, do not have ________________ on their ends. Your answer should consist of the first blank word with a comma and a space between them. For example: black, white

Please explain a topic of something you studied that WAS NOT mentioned on the exam. For full credit you must explain in detail (and correctly) and it must not appear on the exam anywhere. Do not answer this question until you have worked through the rest of the exam so that you know what was or wasn’t covered.

An enzyme’s substrate fits into the _________  on the enzyme.

Explain the difference between a base pair substitution versus a deletion or insertion. Which of these is typically more harmful?

Overhydrating is a result of drinking too much water and diluting the solute concentration in blood (lowering the extracellular solute concentration).  This would

Eukaryotic cells are typically larger than prokaryotes. Why is it an advantage to be large(r)? Why don’t eukaryotic cells continually increase in size? How have eukaryotic cells gotten around the size issue and surpassed prokaryote cell size? (4 points)

In the previous question, the blood cells would try to adapt to overhydration. What is one way a blood cell could adapt to a slight increase in hydration?

In construction, asbestos  was once used.  A known risk from working in sites that had asbestos is the formation of cysts that were caused by the breathing in of asbestos fibers. Cells will phagocytize asbestos, but are not able to break it down. As a result, asbestos fibers accumulate in _____.

Explain how a mutation could change the structure and function of a protein if:  a single cysteine amino acid was changed (substituted) to a nonpolar leucine. Be sure to highlight any bonds that could be affected.  If you instead removed the protein from its native, aqueous solution and placed it into a nonpolar solution (e.g. phenol), would the effect be similar to a mutation or different? Defend your answer. 

Energy travels one way through ecosystem and is ultimately lost as heat.