What do diphtheria toxin and pertussis toxin have in common?

During a flight, the cabin becomes ‘depressurized’ at cruising altitude (about 33,000ft above sea level) causing a decrease in partial pressure of oxygen. Oxygen masks descend from above, and you quickly place one on yourself. The person next to you was not as quick and they fainted. You quickly place his mask on, and he wakes up a bit groggy, but fine. What caused the person faint when the cabin depressurized?

An otherwise healthy 28 yo man is wheeled into the UF Health OR for a scheduled procedure to correct his deviated septum. Prior to being anesthetized, a masked is placed on his face that is a 70:30 mix of nitrogen and oxygen, respectively. His PaCO2 is 40 mm Hg and his A/a gradient is 5 mm Hg. Assuming there is no leakage around the mask, what is his PaO2 (mm Hg)?

A 58 yo man is referred to the Pulmonary Clinic for shortness of breath. He was a construction worker in NYC for a number of years, and spent eight years working at the World Trade Center site, post 9/11. He recently retired and moved to Gainesville to be closer to his daughter. He is a social drinker and takes a diuretic (Lasix) for blood pressure control. BMI = 27. BP = 135/95 mm Hg. Heart rate = 85 bpm. Respiratory rate = 20 bpm. PFT generated the following values; FEV = 3.4 L and the FEV1 = 3.1 L. He is given Albuterol and the PFT is repeated; the same results are obtained. Given this information you would predict that his lung compliance is closest to which value (L/cm H2O)?

A 47 year old male presents to his primary care physician complaining of dyspnea and fatigue. He is a non-smoker and works as an accountant at a local small business. He has no history of allergies or asthma and has no pets. The primary orders a chest X-ray, which demonstrates multiple opacities in both lobes of the lungs. This is followed by a CT of the chest with contrast which reveals multiple bilateral lung nodules, measuring up to 3 centimeters in size. There is also a lytic lesion seen in T7. CT guided biopsy of the bone lesion reveals numerous glandular forming cells that stain positive for CK7 and TTF1. He is diagnosed with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung. What actionable mutation is most likely to be found in this patients tumor?

A 22 yo male presents complaining of shortness of breath, cough, and wheezing. He has no past medical history. He thinks he caught a cold because all his friends have the same symptoms. He takes no medications. You listen to his lungs and he has wheezing. His vital signs are normal. His chest X-ray is normal. You order spirometry and the results are as follow: FVC: 5 L (98% predicted), FEV1: 4L (80 % of predicted), and FEV1/FVC ratio 65%. After administering a short acting bronchodilator to the patient, spirometry is repeated and the results are as follows: FVC: 5.1 L (99% of predicted) and FEV1 4.1 L (81% of predicted). What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 55 year old female who lives in Gainesville, Florida was diagnosed with breast cancer. After her first round of chemotherapy, she went spelunking in a cave in central Florida, against advice from her physician. She developed severe shortness of breath, cough, and chest pain. She was intubated and a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed. A culture of the BAL fluid grew a white fuzzy colony after 4 days of incubation in the laboratory. What did a wet preparation of this colony show?

In January 2020, a 74 yo man returned to the USA from Wuhan, China. He subsequently developed severe shortness of breath and tested positive for COVID-19. PFT results revealed the following, Measurement                   Value (L)              % of Predicted ValueFVC                                        2.8                          55%FEV1                                      2.6                          61%FEV1/FVC                            0.92                       110% Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the clinical status of the patient?

A 54-year-old woman with severe emphysema due to alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency presents to emergency room with worsening dyspnea over the last two days. She also describes associated cough, chills, and fatigue. On exam, her respiratory rate is 32 breaths/minute, dyspneic on conversation, and in a tripod position using intercostal muscle. She requires supplemental oxygen via a 100% non-rebreather to maintain a SpO2 >90%. Labs are notable for leukocytosis, lymphopenia, thrombocytosis, and abnormal liver tests. An arterial blood gas revealed a PaO2 of 72 mmHg. Chest x-ray is below.     Which of the following would be the most appropriate medical therapy?

An alveolar biopsy taken from the lung of a long-term smoker shows red blood cells and many red-colored cells within the alveolar air space. These red-colored cells react positive with Prussian blue, an iron stain. These iron-laden cells are often found in the sputum of long-term smokers. Which of the following best describes the iron-laden cells?