Untreated chronic gastritis can often lead to which of the following conditions? 

The enteric nervous system can function independently of which of the following? 

A 13-year-old girl presents with the onset of puberty, including breast development and the start of menstruation.  Which hormone is primarily responsible for initiating these changes? 

A patient has a blockage in the bile duct. Which of the following processes would be directly affected?

Which system is activated to compensate for the acute hypovolemia? 

A patient with Addison’s disease has low blood pressure and high potassium levels. How does hypoaldosteronism contribute to these symptoms? 

A 70-year-old female presents with confusion, nausea, and headache. Her serum sodium level is 130 mmol/L. She has been taking diuretics for hypertension. 

The functional unit of the liver is the: 

Which hormone produced by the kidneys stimulates red blood cell production? 

An older adult presents with frequent heartburn and regurgitation. Which condition is most likely responsible for these symptoms?