Which of these is a primary characteristic of the education nurses receive at the baccalaureate level?

Which development during the Roman Empire led to major improvement in health care outcomes?

Identify a key element in the success of Nightingale’s school of nursing:

Which cell structures are both unique to prokaryotic cells and that essentially all  bacteria exhibit? 

Which of the following is NOT typically used to classify bacteria?

If a microbe that is very resistant to a specific antibiotic transfers bacterial chromosomal genes for resistance to a susceptible microbe by conjugation, which of the following statements regarding that exchange is false?

Case Study 2:   An 85-year-old male was admitted to the emergency room of a New York City hospital suffering from breathing difficulties and coughing.  He had a high fever, cough, and chest pain. He had presented to his local physician 3 days previously complaining of fever, headache, malaise, and pneumonia-like respiratory symptoms.  A year ago he moved into a large long-term care facility after his wife died and he has been suffering from type two diabetes for the last thirty years.  Sputum was collected for culture and sensitivity.  A sputum gram stain indicated the presence of many white blood cells and pleomorphic gram-negative coccobacilli.  The organism causing the infection did not grow on the traditional media for sputum culture.  An additional urine specimen for antigen testing was then collected and sent to a reference laboratory to confirm the diagnosis. Case Study 2 Question 1:  What was the most likely etiologic agent of infection in this patient?

Match the following resistant organisms with the best way to prevent infection and development of further resistance; each answer is only used once.

Which of the following organisms in the Enterobacteriaceae family are typically classified as definitive pathogens (Choose all that are correct)?

Case Study 3: A 3-year old girl presented at the emergency room with bloody diarrhea, fever and vomiting. The child’s mother reported that the day-care center called yesterday morning because she started having a watery diffuse diarrhea.  That night she began to complain of severe cramps and her diarrhea became bloody and pus-filled.  The family has no recent travel history and while they are vegetarians, they only consume pasteurized milk, cheese, and egg products.  The gram stain showed many white blood cells and many gram-negative bacilli.  The culture resulted in many translucent-clear colonies on the MacConkey’s agar that were oxidase negative and fermented glucose, but not lactose.   She was admitted to the hospital to treat her dehydration and for observation.   Case Study 3 Question 2:  The symptoms of this infection were mediated by what virulence factor?