(05.04 MC) © Public Domain In the enzyme reaction above, catechol is the substrate, oxygen is a reactant, catechol oxidase is the enzyme, benzoquinone is the product, and water (H2O) is a by-product. Which of the following will decrease the rate of this reaction? (2 points)

(04.05 HC) Slowing down or stopping an activity because you can’t catch your breath is one sign of COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In COPD the airways of the lungs are narrowed, and this makes it hard to get air out and causes an “out of breath” feeling. Other symptoms of COPD can include frequent coughing, excess mucus, and sometimes wheezing. Some patients with COPD also show loss of lung tissue on chest x-rays-a condition called “emphysema.” Explain what is meant by the statement: “In COPD the airways of the lungs are narrowed.” Specifically, what part of the respiratory system will be narrowed? Then explain how emphysema could lead to shortness of breath. Be sure to identify and describe the specific tissues involved. (5 points)

(05.01 MC) Neck injuries can sever the nerves that control contraction of the diaphragm. How would this affect breathing? (2 points)

(04.01 MC) Which of the following would create the second heart sound? (2 points)

(04.01 LC) Which of the following occurs when the heart forcefully contracts? (2 points)

(05.01 MC) Pneumothorax is a condition in which a puncture has allowed air to enter the chest cavity. The air puts pressure on the lungs, preventing them from expanding. Why would this cause short and shallow inspiration? (2 points)

(06.04 MC)   Which of the following describes the path that sperm travels through the female reproductive system prior to fertilization? (2 points)  

(04.03 LC) A person’s blood plasma is free of any antibodies which would cause red blood cells to clump. This person has blood type (2 points)

(04.01 LC) Which of the following prevents blood from flowing backward through the circulatory system? (2 points)

(06.01 HC) Describe the structure of the nephron and explain the role of each part of a nephron in creating urine (5 points)