26). Each of the following antimicrobial drugs is nephrotoxic (toxic to kidneys) except _________.

49). Swine flu (H1N1) and Avian or “bird” flu (H5N1 and H7N9) are infections that are spread between animal(s) to human(s). These diseases are called                              .   Note: This was discussed during the Final Exam Review.

9). Key symptoms of diphtheria include which of the following?   Note: The correct answer represents an advice stage of illness. This typically occurs when a child has been neglected, received late medical attention, and lacks vaccination. This disease has a low prevalence of fewer than 20,000 US cases per year.  

50). Hashimoto thyroiditis –T cell–mediated attacks on the thyroid –Resulting in hypothyroidism

30). An individual with a genetic mutation or environmental damage to the mucociliary escalator would cause an increase in the risk of infection.    Note: This was discussed during the Final Exam Review.  

48). Which influenza type is the most common cause of human flu epidemics?   Note: This was discussed during the Final Exam Review.

17). Females are more likely to experience autoimmune-related diseases when compared to males.  

2). Primary immunodeficiency is very common. 

44). If the common cold is not treated/managed the common cold can manifest as a sinus infection, ear infection, or a lower respiratory tract infection in children and adults.    Note: This was discussed during the Final Exam Review.

5).  The following are the percentage immunodeficiencies associated with primary immunodeficiencies:    –~50% are due to T cell issues –~30% are linked to B cell defects –~18% are errors in phagocytes ~2% relate to complement deficiencies