What role did Protestant and Catholic religious leaders play in shaping Cold War culture in America?  

  Why was the Battle of Midway the turning point of the Pacific naval war?  

  Why were African Americans excluded from many new suburbs being built in the 1950s, like those in Levittown?  

  “D-Day” refers to  

  The Lend-Lease Act  

  What led England and France to declare war on Germany, marking the start of World War II?  

For a “Snowball Earth” event to occur on Earth, which of the following listed below must occur as part of this process? **Note: No partial credit – no exceptions*** 

EXTRA CREDIT (Four points) – **Note: No partial credit – no exceptions*** Suppose that you discover a new exoplanet within a distant solar system.  The incoming flux of radiation from the host star at the exoplanet is the same as that of Earth (Sr = 1370 W m-2), however the greenhouse effect of this exoplanet ( = greenhouse effect = 99 K) is triple that of the Earth.  What would the planetary albedo (A) of this exoplanet have to be in order for the average surface temperature () of this exoplanet to be equal to that of Earth ( = average surface temperature = 288 K)?   Relevant equations and constants of interest:

Select the correct option to complete the statements below regarding CO2 in Earth’s atmosphere. **Note: Partial credit possible but there are point deductions (penalty) for incorrect selections – no exceptions**  Based on data from ice cores, atmospheric CO2 levels on Earth in the last million years were generally between before the industrial revolution. This is than CO2 levels in Earth’s atmosphere in 2024 which are . 

Using the list below, select the main properties a planet needs for the carbonate-silicate weathering process to operate. (Select all that apply)  **Note: Partial credit possible but there are point deductions (penalty) for incorrect selections – no exceptions**