, endemic to Africa and Asia and transmitted by the Aedes mosquito, now causes disease in Southern Europe most likely due to climate change.  Its chief symptoms include fever, headache, and severe arthralgia (joint pain) which can last for months to years after other symptoms are gone.

Griffith infected mice with a combination of dead smooth and live rough bacterial strains.  What was the outcome, and why did it occur?

One of the dangers with attenuated vaccines (eg., the smallpox vaccine) is that they

An agent to be used for a vaccine could be attenuated by

Which of the following best describes the innate (non-specific) immune system?

If a DNA strand contains the sequence 5′-ATTCCGGATCGA-3′, what is the sequence of the complementary strand of DNA?

Halophiles require

To date, at least 750 people have contracted fungal meningitis, and fungal joint disease due to receiving spinal injections with contaminated prednisone.  Such infections are termed

The combination of a bacterium and a prophage is called a/n

Which of the following lead to destruction of the host cell?