When studying a karyotype, how are chromosomes typically arranged (and ordered)?

If the probability of a mother inheriting a disease allele from her parents is 1/2 and the probability that she passes it to her child is 1/4. The chance the child will inherit the allele is 3/4. Assume the males are homozygous normal.

A major difference between the X and Y chromosomes is

During the process of transcription, _____.

Which of the following best represents the pathway for the secretion of a protein from a cell?

Epigenetic changes

X-linked _____________traits do not show up in males because the are embryonic lethal. 

A research company combines a gene from human with a bacteria, and expresses the human gene product in a bacteria. This would be an example of 

A Type A blood woman from Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay), India has has a child who has Type O blood. She sues a man for child support who is also from Mumbai, claiming that he is the father of her child. He thinks that he is not the father because his blood type is Type AB, but his lawyer says he still could be the father. What is the lawyer talking about? Explain your answer.

Explain how cancer cells can be treated using ‘traditional’ approaches (e.g., radiation, surgery, chemotherapy) compared with the ‘new’, alternative approaches or technology. Give 2 examples of new approaches to cancer treatment, but you can’t use gene therapy nor CRISPR as alternatives.