When sequencing DNA using the Sanger (dideoxy) sequencing method, we rely on all of the following EXCEPT ______.

Following from the previous two questions about Anabaena, would you find mRNA that is different between these two cell types, photosynthetic and nitrogen fixing heterocyst? If so, what would it represent?

You conduct an Ames test on a chemical you suspect might be a carcinogen. Following incubation, you find some colonies on your control plate. Why do you see some colonies on your control plate?

Pathogenic Streptococcus pneumoniae possess a polysaccharide capsule that prevents phagocytosis, allowing them to evade the immune system and multiple, causing pneumonia. S. pneumoniae that lack the capsule do not cause disease as they are readily destroyed by host phagocytes. When a mixture of living nonencapsulated and heat-killed encapsulated S. pneumoniae are injected into a mouse, the mouse dies, and living capsulated bacteria can subsequently be isolated from the mouse. Which of the following best explains this result?

If you could extract and quantify all the mRNA in a single cell, this would essentially be a measure of:

Janthinobacterium lividum is a Gram negative bacterium that produces a dark violet compound called violacein that possess antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. You are interested in finding gene(s) responsible for the production of violacein. You transform a culture with a plasmid containing a transposon and an ampicillin resistance gene (bla). Realizing your transformation efficiency will be low, how might you identify bacteria that have been successfully transformed?

When sequencing DNA using the Sanger (dideoxy) sequencing method, we rely on all of the following EXCEPT ______.

You conduct an Ames test on a chemical you suspect might be a carcinogen. Following incubation, you find some colonies on your control plate. Why do you see some colonies on your control plate?

The World Health Organization declared smallpox eradicated in 1980. This represented a major victory in global health and accomplished a substantial reduction in human misery and suffering, becoming the first and so far only infectious human disease to be completed ended. Imagine you join a team tasked with eradicating the next human disease! Briefly consider each of the following diseases and how you might completely end them so they would never infect another human. Pick only one of these diseases and answer the questions below. A) Malaria, caused by species of Plasmodium, a protist transmitted by mosquito vectors in the genus Anopheles. B) Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted by the triatomine bug,  C) Dracunculiasis (Guinea-worm disease), caused by Dracunculus medinensis, a nematode (worm) that spends part of its life cycle in copepods (small curstaceans) and infects humans when they drink water containing the copepods.  D) Anthrax, caused by Bacillus anthracis, an endospore-forming Gram positive rod-shaped bacteria found globally in soils. E) Rabies, caused by Rabies lyssavirus, an enveloped single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus found in wild and domesticated animals (e.g., bats, raccoons, skunks, foxes, dogs, and many more).   Please answer the following FOUR questions. Number your answers 1 through 4. 1. Pick a single disease from the above list and describe approaches you might use to eradicate it. 2. For that same disease you chose in the previous question, what aspects of the pathogen or its life cycle might make its eradication especially difficult? 3. Of the five diseases listed, which do you think would be the easiest to eradicate, and why? 4. Of the five diseases listed, which do you think would be the most difficult to eradicate, and why? Note there is not a single correct answer, but you should explain and defend your reasoning. Please be sure to number your answers 1 through 4, and answer all four parts of this clearly, in full complete sentences, in full complete paragraphs, one paragraph per question.

Which of the following statements is true regarding comparisons of bacteria and sexually reproducing organisms?