This question has two parts, please be sure to answer both, and number your answers 1 and 2! A patient is resisting the idea of getting the annual influenza vaccine, claiming to have already had the flu shot “sometime in the past decade”. 1. Define “antigenic drift” and “antigenic shift”. Compare and contrast these two terms. 2. Explain why it is important to receive an annual flu vaccine.

Consider a population of E. coli mutants that have a defect in their lacI gene, resulting in the production of a repressor protein that binds to the operator of the lac operon, but does not bind to lactose itself. If you placed these cells in a growth media containing lactose, what would happen?

Shown are phylogenetic trees representing primate cytomegaloviruses (a) and their primate hosts (b) from Leendertz et. al. (J. General Virology Oct. 2009). Why do these trees look the same – i.e., what do these phylogenetic trees tell us about the evolution of cytomegaloviruses and their primate hosts? (Hint: relax! Even though we didn’t explicitly cover this, you can still formulate a hypothesis based on your understanding of phylogenetic trees, evolution, and host/pathogen relationships).

The process by which a bacterium can share a plasmid with another bacterium is called ______.

RNA viruses possess polymerases that lack proofreading ability, whereas many DNA viruses rely on host polymerases for genome synthesis. Compared to these DNA viruses, RNA viruses would have ______.

The process by which a bacteriophage can move bacterial DNA from one host cell to another is called ______.

Please match each of the following terms used in biotechnology with its best definition.

Optional 2 points of extra credit: Write your own short answer or essay question, and then answer it! Relax; this is meant to be a “choose your own topic” like on the last exam, but worded slightly differently for hopefully better success on my part. Alternately, pick any one topic you studied for this exam but I didn’t ask, and explain that topic to demonstrate your knowledge of it. Please write a complete answer that is a full paragraph with a minimum of 4-5 sentences; do not use bullet points! Note the question is set to 0 points so that it will count as actual extra credit (numerator only, not denominator) when I grade these.

Please consider the figure carefully. Which colonies are leucine auxotrophs that are streptomycin resistant?  

Select the largest decimal number.