The most influential northern school of Renaissance artist was (one of the first to use oils):

The development of printing in the fifteenth century

Economically, the black plague and the crises of the fourteenth century

The plague first appeared in Europe on the island of Sicily.

Martin Luther’s Sixty Five Theses argued against the church’s sale of indulgences. 

The invention of the printing press helped the spread of the Reformation.

The father of Italian Renaissance humanism:

During the ninth and tenth centuries Europe was invaded by all of the following groups EXCEPT:

One of the foremost preoccupations of Italian Renaissance art was

Medieval university instruction