Aortic stenosis should be considered severe, warranting aortic valve replacement, if:

Pericardial effusion can be caused by:

Hardening and thickening of the arterial walls due to fatty deposits on the inner lining (atherosclerosis), calcification, or thickening of the muscular wall of the arteries from chronic hypertension defines _________________. 

Dobutamine dosage is calculated by the patient’s _________.

According to the ASE’s 17 segment model, a wall that becomes hyperkinetic with stress should receive a score of ___.

Feasibility of mitral valve balloon valvuloplasty is determined by which criteria?

The possibility of infection is high with intraoperative TEE.

 Serial echocardiographic studies are performed post valvuloplasty to:

What is the primary complication of an aortic valvulosplasty?

Color on the spectral image precludes post-processing.  Therefore, it is suggested to use only gray-scale for spectral imaging.