Which of the following organisms evades the immune system by producing different pili?

The Phillips-Perron test output for an observed time series appears below.  Based on this output, is it likely that differencing could be useful?  How many times?  Explain.   

The preferred method for vaccinations is injection.

Consider the two time series and their decompositions below.  Which one is a better candidate for an ARCH/GARCH model?  Explain how you know.

Time series, cross-correlation, and ACF plots for series A and series B are below.  The ACF plot for series A indicates it could be modeled as an MA process.

This type of vaccine requires a large amount of the virus to be produced in order to manufacture it.

The Phillips-Perron test output for an observed time series appears below.  Choose the best answer. 

Time series, cross-correlation, and ACF plots for series A and series B are below.  Series B appears to be trending upward until about 2015.

“This enclosed, segmented space, observed at every point, in which the individuals are inserted in a fixed place, in which the slightest movements are supervised, in which all events are recorded, in which an uninterrupted work of writing links the centre and periphery, in which power is exercised without division, according to a continuous hierarchical figure, in which each individual is constantly located, examined and distributed among the living beings, the sick and the dead—all this constitutes a compact model of the disciplinary mechanism.” The speaker is ___.

There are two short-answer questions below.