Define: a) Crude protein b) Nutritionally essential amino acid  c) Non-essential amino acid  

From the equations below, explain which one is energetically more efficient for the animal and provide what is likely the type of diet related to each fermentation pattern.  

Winston’s cat Furguson is 15 years old and is sick, his urine is dark and very smelly. As the nutritionist in charge, you noticed that Winston (with the best intentions of feeding his cat the best food available) has been feeding Furguson a kitten food, which is high in protein. How would you approach this issue and modify Furguson’s diet accordingly? Explain your reasoning. If you suspect any organ damage, which organs would you target for further examination? 

Sally is trying to make a diet for her high-producing cow. She is in-between feeding unprocessed corn or steam-flaked corn. In your professional opinion, after taking principles of animal nutrition, which would you recommend? Explain the main differences between these two feeds.

The figure below has four diets and the AA supply of each diet. Select two diets that you would expect to have the highest urinary N excretion. Explain why. Assume that these are the only AA that the animal needs and that all AA are required in the same amount.   

In the rumen, carbohydrates can yield many different end products such as formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, etc. Explain the major factors that determine the amount and ratio of end products?

A Great Dane puppy grew 5.5 lbs. of muscle in a week. How much Nitrogen did this puppy gain? (Assume muscle has 25% protein and its protein has common Nitrogen content). Please show your calculation.

Why do most fatty acid chains have an even number of carbons?

What is the major end product of carbohydrate digestion that will be available for absorption in non-ruminants and in ruminants; respectively?

In the process of milk fat synthesis, where do the fatty acids come from?