By the time of the English colonization of the Americas, the monarchy shared power with __________, a government body of both appointed and elected members.

One of the major problems affecting the Virginia colony when it was first settled was that

As a result of the French and Indian War, Britain believed the __________ should play an increasing part in paying off the national debt.

A charge given to the Virginia Company by King James I, which was quickly abandoned, was

One major way that the English differed from the French, Spanish, and Dutch in their settling of the New World was that

Technically in the United States, there is no difference between jails and prisons.

Which of our model countries has an adversarial system?

Penal populism is a term given to criminal justice policies that are designed to appeal to the public appetite for punitiveness with little concern for program effectiveness or the clear understanding of community views.

Prior to the late 19th century, Japanese village and community culture monitored the behavior of its citizens very closely – not only to keep them from committing crimes, but also to keep them from laziness, neglect of business, quarreling, scandal and mongering.

In nondemocratic societies, police are expected to be responsive chiefly to: