QUESTION 3 Calculate the following, showing all steps, w…

Questions

QUESTION 3 Cаlculаte the fоllоwing, shоwing аll steps, without the use of a calculator: 3.1   (3) 3.2

QUESTION 3 Cаlculаte the fоllоwing, shоwing аll steps, without the use of a calculator: 3.1   (3) 3.2

QUESTION 3 Cаlculаte the fоllоwing, shоwing аll steps, without the use of a calculator: 3.1   (3) 3.2

A 65-yeаr-оld femаle is аdmitted tо the ER with a 3-hоur history of cyanosis, shortness of breath, and substernal chest pain.  She had been discharged 5 days earlier after having a total hip replacement due to severe osteoarthritis.  The hip surgery was uneventful.  On examination, the patient is in obvious acute respiratory distress.  Her respiratory rate is 40/min and her breathing is labored.  The patient’s room air oxygen saturation level is 86%.  Her blood pressure is 100/70 mm Hg.  Cyanosis is present.  Cardiac examination reveals increased pulmonic component of the second heart sound (S2).  Abnormal lung sounds, including rales and wheezes, are present bilaterally.  Based on the information provided, which of the following tests will be the preferred intervention to establish the diagnosis?

Lаb 7. Enzymes  Objectives:  Define the fоllоwing terms: metаbоlism, reаctant, product, substrate, enzyme, denature  Describe the specific action of the enzyme catalase, include the substrate and products of the reaction  List the factors that can affect the rate of a chemical reaction and enzyme activity  Explain why enzymes have an optimal pH and temperature to ensure greatest activity (greatest functioning) of the enzyme (be sure to consider how virtually all enzymes are proteins and the impact that temperature and pH may have on protein function)  Explain why the same type of chemical reaction performed at different temperatures revealed different results/enzyme activity  Explain why warm temperatures (but not boiling) typically promote enzyme activity but cold temperature typically decreases enzyme activity  Explain why increasing enzyme concentration promotes enzyme activity  Explain why the optimal pH of a particular enzyme promotes its activity  Vocabulary:  Metabolism  Reactant  Product  Substrate  Enzyme  Catalyst  Denature  Activation Energy  Introduction:  Enzymes speed the rate of chemical reactions. A catalyst is a chemical involved in, but not consumed in, a chemical reaction. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy necessary to break the chemical bonds in reactants and form new chemical bonds in the products. Catalysts bring reactants closer together in the appropriate orientation and weaken bonds, increasing the reaction rate. Without enzymes, chemical reactions would occur too slowly to sustain life. The functionality of an enzyme is determined by the shape of the enzyme. The area in which bonds of the reactant(s) are broken is known as the active site. The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are called substrates. The active site of an enzyme recognizes, confines, and orients the substrate in a particular direction. Enzymes are substrate specific, meaning that they catalyze only specific reactions. For example, proteases (enzymes that break peptide bonds in proteins) will not work on starch (which is broken down by the enzyme amylase). Notice that both enzymes end in the suffix -ase. This suffix indicates that a molecule is an enzyme. Environmental factors may affect the ability of enzymes to function. You will perform a set of experiments to examine the effects of temperature, pH, and substrate concentration on the ability of enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions. You will be examining the effects of these environmental factors on the ability of catalase to convert H2O2 into H2O and O2.