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Rаdhikа Sundаr Qualifying Exam Day 1 Please Answer All Questiоns As part оf a large, multi-year grant, researchers at a large state university alоng with members of those from the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) community have come together to initiate a program of research that would have 2 broad goals: Goal 1: Explore the experience of loneliness with adults with autism spectrum disorder (diagnosed or self-identified), and use the information from the exploratory phase of the research (Goal 1) to inform the development and/or refinement of practices, methods, approaches and/or strategies that could reduce the loneliness of adults with autism spectrum disorder. Goal 2: Rigorously evaluate the practices, methods, approaches and/or strategies that have been developed to determine the impact of these approaches on the loneliness of adults with autism spectrum disorder. You have been hired as a measurement/research design/statistical/evaluation consultant to work with this group from the autism spectrum disorder community to plan this multi-year research. As part of Goal 1 of this project, the group is particularly interested in either identifying 1 or more quantitative self-reported questionnaires that would be appropriate for measuring loneliness of adults with autism spectrum disorder or developing reliable, valid, and fair methods for measuring loneliness of adults with autism spectrum disorder. At this point in the process, the researchers and members of the autism spectrum disorder community are considering traditional methods of measuring loneliness of adults with autism spectrum disorder (e.g., self-reported questionnaire) but are open to any newer techniques that might be available using technology or AI. As a measurement consultant to this group from the autistic community, you have been asked to provide conceptual and technical guidance in the identification or development of questionnaires that would be appropriate for measuring loneliness of adults with autism spectrum disorder. The group from the autism spectrum disorder community would like to use these instruments for research and evaluation purposes. This group would also like to use the data from these methods to inform the development and evaluation of possible interventions or policies/practices to reduce loneliness among adults with autism spectrum disorder. Begin by briefly describing the construct of loneliness among adults with autism spectrum disorder and summarize the research base that informs your conceptualization of the measure. Please include a discussion of how quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research along with meta-analyses and systematics reviews inform the conceptualization of the loneliness measure. Explain why this construct is important to measure along with challenges and feasibility of measuring loneliness in this population. For instance, because some ASD adults have very low functioning, it may be difficult for them to understand/comprehend survey items. How do we know what loneliness looks like for this population? Should we assume that loneliness for them looks similar to that of the general population? Also, because it is a spectrum disorder that varies so widely in functioning and presentation (e.g., some individuals with ASD are practically indistinguishable from others), should we assume loneliness has a similar presentations/signs across this population? Describe the process that you would use to either identify a measure that would be appropriate for measuring loneliness of adults with autism spectrum disorder or the process of developing a reliable, valid, and fair instrument for measuring loneliness of adults with autism spectrum disorder. What evidence would you collect to show that the scores produced by the assessment of loneliness of adults with autism spectrum disorder are reliable? What might be some of the challenges of securing reliable scores of the construct of loneliness? What evidence would you collect to show that the scores produced by the assessment of loneliness of adults with autism provide valid interpretations (i.e., describe the nature of your validity argument)? What might be some of the challenges of securing valid scores of the construct of loneliness? How might dimensionality be examined and what implications might the results have for score interpretation and reporting? Since the group from the autistic community is interested in comparing scores from the loneliness measure(s) across different groups (e.g., male and females), how would you address measurement invariance/differential item functioning. Indicate what grouping variables you would select and your rationale for selection. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various measurement invariance/DIF analysis approaches. Discuss any possible ethical concerns of conducting this type of research with this specific population of adults with ASD