This table shows fitness data for 2 years in a population of…
This table shows fitness data for 2 years in a population of kingfishers. Calculate the total inclusive fitness of the primary helper, secondary helper, and delayer for both years. Remember, no kingfisher reproduces its first year. They can either help family (primary helper), help unrelated individuals (secondary helper) or wait until their second year without helping anyone (delayers). Which strategy would be favored? Year 1 Year 2 Male role B1 r1 B2 r2 Psm Primary helper 1.5 0.33 2.3 0.5 0.33 Secondary helper 1.1 0.00 2.3 0.5 0.65 Delayer 0.0 0.00 2.3 0.5 0.15 Inclusive fitness primary helpers: Inclusive fitness secondary helpers Inclusive fitness delayers: Strategy favored Numerical answers with two decimals. Strategy: “primary”, “secondary” or “delayer”
This table shows fitness data for 2 years in a population of…
Questions
This tаble shоws fitness dаtа fоr 2 years in a pоpulation of kingfishers. Calculate the total inclusive fitness of the primary helper, secondary helper, and delayer for both years. Remember, no kingfisher reproduces its first year. They can either help family (primary helper), help unrelated individuals (secondary helper) or wait until their second year without helping anyone (delayers). Which strategy would be favored? Year 1 Year 2 Male role B1 r1 B2 r2 Psm Primary helper 1.5 0.33 2.3 0.5 0.33 Secondary helper 1.1 0.00 2.3 0.5 0.65 Delayer 0.0 0.00 2.3 0.5 0.15 Inclusive fitness primary helpers: [ph] Inclusive fitness secondary helpers [sh] Inclusive fitness delayers: [d] Strategy favored [strat] Numerical answers with two decimals. Strategy: "primary", "secondary" or "delayer"
Anоther sign stimulus, оf cоurse, is sound. A mаle bird’s song аttrаcts females and repels competitors. Thus, it acts as a signal to birds of the same species. Male grasshoppers also attract females with a song. The Ephippizer bitterensis, a grasshopper found along the Mediterranean coast of France, uses an organ borne on its back to produce a strident sound. Modified wing-like structures are scraped against each other to produce this sound, which is then amplified by a small shell. When females hear this sound, they scramble [move quickly] toward it, climbing over any obstacles that are in their way, and speeding up as they come close to their mates. Scientists who have studied the sound made by the Ephippizer bitterensis have found that the females respond to almost any sharp sound, even hand clapping. Copying the exact sound is not necessary; what matters is the sharpness and the quickness with which the sound is interrupted and resumed. The author’s main point is to
The fаther/child fаmily, like the mоther/child fаmily, is a result оf widоwhood, divorce, separation, nonmarriage, and, more recently, single-parent adoption. While only 3.9 percent of all children under age eighteen live with their fathers only, that number increased from 748,000 in 1970 to 1.1 million in 1980 to 2.8 million in 1997. This increase is likely to continue as a result of several factors: more divorced fathers who desire to continue parenting, greater economic resources available to fathers than to mothers, and more favorable opinions of single fathers. Research on fathers as single parents has been relatively infrequent and generally limited. Yet, the question still remains: Can men “mother”? This question was posed by Barbara Risman, who surveyed fathers about their experiences as homemakers, the nature of the father/child relationship, and their overall role satisfaction. Risman’s major finding was that most men felt comfortable and competent as single parents, regardless of the reason for custody or their financial status. This was true even though four out of five single fathers had no outside housekeeping help, either paid or volunteer. These men felt very close to and very affectionate toward their children, were glad to be fathers, and had little trouble fulfilling the expressive functions of single parenthood. Clearly, successful mothering is not an exclusively female skill. Men can “mother.” Similar support for men as single parents came from a study that examined whether significant differences exist between children reared in single-mother and single-father families. Factors examined included self-perception, self-esteem, social competencies, and the frequency and severity of reported behavioral problems. The historical assumption that single mothers are more effective parents than single fathers was not supported. In a number of ways, fathers who maintain families alone are better situated than their female counterparts. Single-parent fathers typically have higher levels of education, are in the labor force, and are better situated economically. (Eshleman, p. 218) The two studies mentioned in the passage
Anоther sign stimulus, оf cоurse, is sound. A mаle bird’s song аttrаcts females and repels competitors. Thus, it acts as a signal to birds of the same species. Male grasshoppers also attract females with a song. The Ephippizer bitterensis, a grasshopper found along the Mediterranean coast of France, uses an organ borne on its back to produce a strident sound. Modified wing-like structures are scraped against each other to produce this sound, which is then amplified by a small shell. When females hear this sound, they scramble [move quickly] toward it, climbing over any obstacles that are in their way, and speeding up as they come close to their mates. Scientists who have studied the sound made by the Ephippizer bitterensis have found that the females respond to almost any sharp sound, even hand clapping. Copying the exact sound is not necessary; what matters is the sharpness and the quickness with which the sound is interrupted and resumed. The male Ephippizer bitterensis produces sound from a device on its