Whо is knоwn аs the fаther оf microbiology for developing the microscope?
Immune Tоlerаnce & Reg/Suppressоr T Cells. Mucоsаl immunity needs to be tightly regulаted. Peripheral Tregs (pTregs) are one of the major immune cell types to mediate peripheral tolerance of mucosal tissues. Under the infection of pathogenic microbes, however, the inflammatory milieu can switch the commitment of pTregs to Th17 for fighting pathogenic bacterial infection. List four major signals that can differentiate naïve CD4 T cells to pTregs in mucosal tissues. (2 points) Briefly define one major immune suppressive mechanism by which pTregs provide peripheral tolerance. (2 points) At functional levels, thymic Tregs (Tregs) and pTregs have very similar functions in immune suppression and also use similar mechanisms. Briefly define one major contact-dependent mechanism of immune suppression and how Tregs inhibit effector T cell activation via this contact-dependent mechanism. (4 points) Tregs are very important in peripheral tolerance, and their dysregulation may lead to human diseases. Human IPEX syndrome is a typical defect of Tregs due to mutations in FOXP3 gene – the major lineage-specific transcriptional factor for Treg cell lineage commitment and function. Assume that you can perform gene therapy to correct FOXP3 gene in humans. Briefly describe an experiment that would test whether Tregs from gene therapy regain their immune suppressive function. Please state the methods you will use and how to interpret your results. (4 points)