DR. ICKES SCENARIO: Dr. Ickes is interested in studying the…
DR. ICKES SCENARIO: Dr. Ickes is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Ickes has her students report their Fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the Fall semester. In April, Dr. Ickes measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the Spring semester and their Spring GPA). She finds the following correlations. In considering the three criteria for causation, which of the following questions will Dr. Ickes’ study NOT be able to address?