Which type of impulse represents an acknowledgment of a liki…
Which type of impulse represents an acknowledgment of a liking and/or relationship with individuals and reference groups?
Which type of impulse represents an acknowledgment of a liki…
Questions
Which type оf impulse represents аn аcknоwledgment оf а liking and/or relationship with individuals and reference groups?
Answer 10 оf the 18 Essаy questiоns belоw. In eаch Answer Box, you MUST specify which question you аre answering! 1. Males of the barn swallow have thin outer tail feathers that are somewhat longer than those possessed by females. When Anders Møller analyzed the effect of tail length on male mating success in the barn swallow in Europe, he did an experiment in which he made some males’ tail feathers shorter by cutting them and made other males’ tail feathers longer by gluing feather sections onto their tails. But he also created a group in which he cut off parts of the males’ tail feathers and then simply glued the fragments back on to produce a tail of unchanged length. What was the point of this group? And why did he randomly assign his subjects to the shortened, lengthened, and unchanged tail groups? 2. Assume that there were multiple years of difficult winters for the Dunnock, and the quantity of food available in spring is low. What do you expect to see for A) female territory size, B) number of males vs females, and C) expected mating systems, and why? 3. Explain the maternal influence of Uta lizards on dispersal. Be sure to discuss each morph type. 4. How do signalers protect themselves from being exploited by unintended listeners? Give an example. How do listeners protect themselves from being exploited by dishonest signalers? Give an example. 5. McCracken found that although female Mexican free-tailed bats usually feed their own pups, they do make occasional “mistakes,” which they could have avoided by leaving the pup in a spot by itself instead of in a crèche with hundreds of other babies. Does this mean that the parental behavior of this species is not adaptive? Use a cost–benefit approach to develop alternative hypotheses to account for these “mistakes.” 6. How might the following findings be understood in terms of the adaptive value of female mate preferences? Deep-voiced men have more children in a traditional hunter-gatherer culture, the Hazda of Tanzania. Taller men are more likely to be chosen in speed-dating competitions than their shorter rivals. In yet another study, about two-thirds of the women interviewed said that they had ended at least one potentially romantic relationship after an unsatisfying first kiss with their date. 7. Describe the predictions of Bateman's hypothesis with respect to males and females. Make sure that you define/describe Bateman's hypothesis in your answer. 8. Explain why monogamy in reed warblers is favored in resource-poor environments. What is favored in good-quality environment? Why? 9. Describe the win stay-lose shift dispersal pattern. What assumptions are involved in the hypothesis that explains this behavioral pattern? 10. State the five assumptions of the ideal free distribution model. 11. Define extended phenotype signal and give one example. Explain why extended phenotype signals are considered to be reliable indicators of conditions. 12. Describe one prediction of parent-offspring conflict theory in regards to the level of care provided to current and future offspring. 13. Currently, males produce many small gametes, and females produce a few large gametes. This was not always the case. Explain how this difference in size evolved through natural selection, and why once one gamete evolved to a certain size, the other had to evolve. 14. What is the “By-Product Hypothesis” as it applies to Hyenas, and what are some problems with it? Is it the likely answer for the female hyena pseudopenis or is there another more likely possibility? If so, what is it? 15. Almost all of us have, at one time or another, been approached by a person in search of a donation who gave us something, a pamphlet or pen or ribbon, prior to or during his or her request for money. Why, in evolutionary terms, is this such a common tactic by those in search of charity? 16. Explain the Hawk-Dove game and how restraint could have evolved from it. Use an animal in your explanation. 17. The graph below shows the correlations between pairs of relatives of various types: ‘MZ apart’ are monozygotic twins reared apart; ‘MZ together’ or ‘DZ together’ are mono- or dizygotic twins reared together; and ‘P-O adoptive’ gives the correlation between parents and their adoptive children. A) The results of this study suggest that variation among individuals within populations in one of these two human behavioral traits is almost entirely genetic. Identify the trait. B) Variation in the other trait has a mixture of genetic & environmental basis. What specific correlation(s) tell us that there is a strong environmental component to variation in this trait? C) Which trait, if either, is genetically determined? Explain why. 18. While explaining why it is controversial to explain human behavior as a result of natural selection and sociobiology, explain mate choice in humans in terms of evolutionary adaptations.