12. In a series of cases before 1937, the Court invalidat…
12. In a series of cases before 1937, the Court invalidated congressional attempts to regulate activities that the Court said were not “in the flow of interstate commerce” or did not “directly affect interstate commerce.” After 1937, the Court abandoned this approach for which test? A. The integral state function testB. The substantial effects testC. The compelling interest testD. The undue influence test 13. Which of these cases has long been recognized (including in the majority’s opinion in NFIB v. Sebelius (2012)) as “perhaps the most far reaching example of Commerce Clause authority over intrastate activity”? A. NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel (1937)B. Wickard v. Filburn (1942)C. United States v. Lopez (1995)D. Gonzales v. Raich (2005) 14. In Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan and Trust Co. (1894), the Court held that the __________ tax was unconstitutional because it was a direct tax, which per the Constitution, had to be apportioned based on population. This decision was ultimately reversed by the Sixteenth Amendment. A. SalesB. PropertyC. WealthD. Income 15. Which of these statements about a shift in the Court’s approach to federal power before and after 1937 is the most accurate: A. The shift in the Court’s approach to the taxing and spending power largely mirrored the shift in the Court’s approach to the commerce powerB. The shift in the Court’s approach to the taxing and spending power goes against the shift in the Court’s approach to the commerce powerC. The shift in the Court’s approach to the taxing and spending power is unrelated to the shift in the Court’s approach to the commerce powerD. The Court’s approach to the taxing and spending power largely mirrored the Court’s approach to the commerce power, and these approaches did not shift