Suppose a researcher conducted a cross-sectional study on at…
Suppose a researcher conducted a cross-sectional study on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and externalizing behaviors (e.g., rule-breaking or defiant behavior) among adolescents in Hillsborough County. During the summer months, the researcher works as a volunteer at a summer education program for adolescents who struggle with their schoolwork. Since the participants of the summer education program are adolescents, the researcher decides to invite the adolescents who attend the summer program for participation in the study. The researcher is worried that there might be selection bias in the estimate of the effect of ADHD on externalizing behaviors because ADHD and externalizing behaviors are both reasons for participation in the summer program and are therefore also both affect study participation. To assess potential selection bias, the researcher drew the directed acyclic graph (DAG) in Figure 2. Based on the DAG in Figure 2, will there be selection bias (yes/no)? (2 points) Explain your answer (max. 4 points).