A 62-year-old female patient is recovering from a complex br…
A 62-year-old female patient is recovering from a complex brainstem surgery to remove a benign tumor located near the junction of the pons and medulla. Postoperatively, she experiences difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and a loss of the gag reflex on the right side. She also complains of diminished taste sensation in the posterior third of her tongue and impaired movement of her soft palate. The attending physician explains to the student that multiple cranial nerves emerge directly from the brainstem, and in this case, nerves involved in swallowing, laryngeal control, and posterior taste sensation have likely been affected. Question: To accurately localize the neurological impact of this surgery, the student must recall how many pairs of cranial nerves originate directly from the brain and brainstem. What is the correct number?