A prospective cohort study indicates a strong association be…

Questions

A prоspective cоhоrt study indicаtes а strong аssociation between depression (exposure) and osteoporosis (outcome), which manifests by loss of bone density and weakening of the bones. However, the investigator is concerned about possible confounding variables. Your empirical analysis has already identified several factors that are associated with osteoporosis (the outcome of interest) including age, gender, height/weight (body mass index), hormone replacement therapy, physical exercise, and history of steroid use. No other factors in the dataset are associated with the outcome. The table below then compares the distribution of various factors by exposure status. Using the information provided above and information in the table, enter the correct response (yes or no) indicating whether each factor in the table is a likely confounder of the association between depression and osteoporosis?     Factor Exposure Status Likely Confounder? Not Depressed Depressed Age < 65 years (%) 39% 64% [answer1] Female gender (%) 66% 63% [answer2] Type AB blood type (%) 18% 39% [answer3] Regular physical exercise (%) 47% 23% [answer4] Body mass index (mean) 28.4 26.8 [answer5] Steroid use (%) 16% 34% [answer6] Divorced or widowed (%) 8% 28% [answer7] Low bone mineral density (%) 38% 64% [answer8]  

A prоspective cоhоrt study indicаtes а strong аssociation between depression (exposure) and osteoporosis (outcome), which manifests by loss of bone density and weakening of the bones. However, the investigator is concerned about possible confounding variables. Your empirical analysis has already identified several factors that are associated with osteoporosis (the outcome of interest) including age, gender, height/weight (body mass index), hormone replacement therapy, physical exercise, and history of steroid use. No other factors in the dataset are associated with the outcome. The table below then compares the distribution of various factors by exposure status. Using the information provided above and information in the table, enter the correct response (yes or no) indicating whether each factor in the table is a likely confounder of the association between depression and osteoporosis?     Factor Exposure Status Likely Confounder? Not Depressed Depressed Age < 65 years (%) 39% 64% [answer1] Female gender (%) 66% 63% [answer2] Type AB blood type (%) 18% 39% [answer3] Regular physical exercise (%) 47% 23% [answer4] Body mass index (mean) 28.4 26.8 [answer5] Steroid use (%) 16% 34% [answer6] Divorced or widowed (%) 8% 28% [answer7] Low bone mineral density (%) 38% 64% [answer8]  

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