An analyst wishes to estimate the amount of additional rewar…
An analyst wishes to estimate the amount of additional reward she will receive for investing in a risky asset rather than a risk-free asset. The minimum values she will need to know are: I. both assets’ standard deviations II. the risky asset’s beta III. the risk-free rate of return IV. the market risk premium
An analyst wishes to estimate the amount of additional rewar…
Questions
An аnаlyst wishes tо estimаte the amоunt оf additional reward she will receive for investing in a risky asset rather than a risk-free asset. The minimum values she will need to know are: I. both assets’ standard deviations II. the risky asset's beta III. the risk-free rate of return IV. the market risk premium
Imаge Descriptiоn A cоmplex mоlecule with а cobаlt atom at its center. The cobalt atom is coordinated to four nitrogen atoms arranged in a square planar configuration, forming the corrin ring. This corrin ring consists of four pyrrole rings linked by methine bridges, forming a large macrocyclic structure. Attached to one side of the corrin ring is a nucleotide loop, which contains a ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nucleotide base. At the opposite side of the corrin ring, there is a dimethyl-benzimidazole group coordinated to the cobalt atom.
Uplоаd аn imаge оf yоur drawing. The role of lactate (CH3CH(OH)CO2-) in metabolism was evaluated in a review article on lactate metabolism by L. B. Gladden in J Physiol 558: (2004) pp 5-30. The paragraph below is from the article. La- is lactate. "La- can no longer be considered the usual suspect for metabolic 'crime', but is instead a central player in cellular, regional and whole body metabolism. Overall, the cell-to-cell lactate shuttle has expanded far beyond its initial conception as an explanation for muscle and exercise metabolism to now subsume all of the other shuttles as a grand description of the role(s) of La- in numerous metabolic processes and pathways." One of the proposed metabolic roles of lactate involves a metabolite shuttle between two types of cells within the brain. Glu is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. The proposed shuttle system is shown in an illustration from the abovementioned article and depicts, among other things, the recycling of Glu. Image Description This picture depicts a chain of events that occurs in and between a glutaminergic neuron and an astrocyte, two types of cells within the brain. Two different reaction cycles are shown. In the first, La (lactate) begins in the astrocyte. It is able to pass out of the astrocyte and into the glutaminergic neuron. There, in the presence of LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), lactate is converted into Pyr (pyruvate). Here the two reaction cycles intersect with each other. In the presence of AAT (alanine amino transferase), pyruvate is converted into Ala. Simultaneously, this allows Glu in the glutaminergic neuron to be converted into 2-oxoglutamate. The Ala is then able to pass out of the glutaminergic neuron and back into the astrocyte. In the astrocyte, the entire process is reversed. Ala is converted back into pyruvate in the presence of AAT, allowing 2-oxoglutamate in the astrocyte to simultaneously be converted into Glu. Pyruvate is then converted back into lactate in the presence of lactate dehydrogenase. At this point, the cycle repeats. In the second cycle, Glu begins in the glutaminergic neuron. It is able to pass out of the glutaminergic neuron and into the astrocyte. There, in the presence of an unnamed enzyme, NH4- is added to Glu to create Gln. The NH4- was provided by converting the Glu produced in the previous cycle (through conversion of Ala into pyruvate) back into 2-oxoglutamate in the presence of GDH (glutamate dehydrogenase). This creates a new 2-oxoglutamate that can be converted into Glu again the next time the first cycle brings Ala into the astrocyte. Meanwhile, the Gln that was created by the addition of NH4- is able to pass out of the astrocyte and into the glutaminergic neuron. There, the entire process is reversed. Gln is converted back into Glu and a free NH4- in the presence of an unnamed enzyme. This regenerates the Glu in the glutaminergic neuron that began this cycle. Meanwhile, the released NH4- is added back to a 2-oxoglutamate by glutamate dehydrogenase, re-forming the Glu that was transformed into 2-oxoglutamate in the first reaction cycle when pyruvate in the glutaminergic neuron was converted into Ala. The cycle then is able to repeat. La- is lactate, Pyr is pyruvate, AAT is alanine amino transferase, 2-oxoglu (2-oxoglutamate) is another name for a-ketoglutarate, GDH is glutamate dehydrogenase, LDH is lactate dehydrogenase One of the reactions shown in the diagram is the conversion of Glu to Gln. Draw out this reaction. Include the structures of the substrate and product, as well as the key intermediate structure in the reaction, along with any cofactors or co-reactants required for the reaction. (2 pts.) Draw out the reaction that takes 2-oxoglu, which is another name for a-ketoglutarate, directly to Glu (the reaction labeled GDH reaction). You may use names of the substrate and product; structures are not necessary. Include any cofactors and give the enzyme name. (2 pts.)