The phonograph and later the gramophone introduced the concept of “on-demand,” repeatable, and standardized listening. Analyze two distinct ways this shift from live, communal performance to reproducible, private consumption changed social behavior in the home and in public. Consider how this change influenced listener identity and the relationship between individuals and their social group Your response should be 100-150 words.

Explain the philosophical difference between the two movements’ use of this geometric abstraction: How did Constructivists believe their art should function in society (think “utility” or “production”), compared to how De Stijl artists (like Piet Mondrian) believed their art should function (think “spiritual order” or “universal harmony”)? Your response should be 100-150 words.

A researcher is studying the average weight of a specific species of fish in a lake. They collect multiple samples of 50 fish each and calculate the sample means for each sample. What can the researcher expect about the sampling distribution of the sample means as the sample size increases?

A bag contains 5 red balls, 3 blue balls, and 2 green balls. If one ball is randomly selected from the bag: What is the probability of selecting a red ball? What is the probability of selecting a blue ball? What is the probability of not selecting a green ball?

A statistician is analyzing the average weight of a species of fish in a lake using a small sample of 15 fish. They are using the Student’s t-distribution to calculate confidence intervals for the population mean. How does the shape of the t-distribution change as the degrees of freedom (df) increase?

What are the key differences between parametric and non-parametric statistical tests, and when would you choose one over the other? Provide an example of each type of test.

Given the following data X={ 23, 27, 18, 44, 44, 14, 25, 36, 45, 42, 41}.  Write the R code for calculating standard deviation and z score. Use the long form for calculating variance and standard deviation.  I don’t need to see the results of the calculation, I only need the R code. 

What is the purpose of ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), and how does it determine whether there are statistically significant differences between group means?

A researcher is studying the weight of a species of fish and records the weights of 50 fish. The standard deviation of the recorded weights is 2 kg. To scale the weights for comparison with another study, the researcher multiplies each fish’s weight by a constant factor of 3. What happens to the standard deviation of the fish weights after multiplying each weight by 3?

A biologist is studying the heights of a species of plant. After measuring the plant heights, the biologist decides to add 2 cm to each plant’s height to account for a measurement error. The standard deviation of the original plant heights is 3 cm. What happens to the standard deviation of the plant heights after adding the 2 cm adjustment to each measurement?