EC Question 3: 

Covariate Assessments (Modified): Information on lifestyle or dietary factors was obtained from the biannual questionnaires (i.e., 1986, 1988, 1990, 1992, and 1994) or food frequency questionnaires (FFQs; i.e., 1986, 1990, and 1994). To better approximate long-term nutrient intake, we calculated cumulatively updated intake using information from the 1986, 1990, and 1994 FFQs ( 19 ). Because plasma concentrations reflect recent intake, intakes of vitamin D… were calculated using the information from the FFQ closest to the time the blood sample was provided (1994 FFQ) or, if not available, from the most recent questionnaire administered before 1994 (96% of participants in the HPFS had provided information on dietary intake in 1994). Note: Suppose that in addition to the timing information provided above, the authors also noted that the FFQs asked participants to complete dietary assessments for the past 30 days. Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs) are detailed dietary assessments that capture the consumption of specific food items and portion sizes over the recall time period. They are used to determine nutrient intake for participants. Question 2e: Diet is considered to be a confounder of the relationship between sufficient vitamin D levels and colorectal cancer. Based on the information provided about dietary data collection for this study, describe the type(s) of bias that may impact study findings. How might this relate to the measurement of the exposure of interest? How might these biases impact study findings? Your answer should be 5-7 sentences.

Question 3g: Suppose you were interested in conducting a retrospective cohort study of all firefighters in Florida to determine if occupational exposure to potential known and unknown carcinogens increased esophageal cancer among firefighters. You use available data through a firefighter employment record database. This database provides you with information on past and current employment as a firefighter for the past 20 years. It also includes demographic information (i.e., age, race/ethnicity, biological sex), pay scale (e.g., firefighter level 1), job classification (e.g., engineer), as well as health information from the required annual physicals (i.e., alcohol consumption, smoking status, vital signs, bloodwork, urinalysis, pulmonary function tests, hearing and vision tests). In addition to this database, you have access to the event reporting system that allows you to track all incidents (e.g., fire call, medical call) a particular firefighter responded to over the course of the year. This reporting database provides you with information on potential occupational exposures to known and unknown human carcinogens. Finally, you link to the Florida state cancer registry to determine esophageal cancer diagnoses. Briefly describe one challenge that you would face in operationalizing this study related to selecting participants for your study and one challenge related to measurement. 

Categorize each clinical scenario based on which instrumental evaluation is most appropriate. Categories: Postures Strategies Manuevers

Which of the following therapy characteristics are associated with enhanced motor learning and skill acquisition in dysphagia therapy?

Which statement accurately describes the International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI)?  

Categorize each standardized assessment tool based on the instrumental evaluation with which it is primarily used. Categories: Direct Therapy Indirect Therapy

Transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been shown to:  

Most traditional oral motor exercises have strong evidence supporting their effectiveness for improving swallowing physiology.  

Should the Frazier Free Water Protocol be considered as part of this patient’s plan of care?