A prescriber is choosing between two antibiotics. The hospital formulary covers only one option. Which statement best explains why formularies exist?

A provider chooses bupivacaine instead of lidocaine for a prolonged surgical procedure. Which pharmacologic property most strongly supports this decision?

A patient carries a gene variant that causes reduced drug-metabolizing enzyme activity. Which outcome is most likely?

A patient develops a new pruritic rash two days after beginning a prescribed medication. To determine whether this could be an adverse drug reaction (ADR), which initial assessment question is MOST important?

Which statement best defines pharmacogenomics?

A patient begins a new medication and develops a dry cough within the first week. The reaction is predictable, occurs at a normal dose, and is not related to immune sensitivity. Which type of reaction does this best represent?

A patient asks the APRN whether a newly prescribed medication is “safe” and whether it can cause any side effects. The APRN explains that, according to the World Health Organization, any medication has the potential to cause adverse reactions, even at standard doses. Which statement BEST reflects the definition of an adverse drug reaction (ADR)?

A patient with limited income is prescribed a once-daily antihypertensive, but they frequently miss doses. Which factor is most likely contributing to non-adherence?

A patient with metastatic pancreatic cancer requires escalating opioid doses to maintain comfort near end of life. The APRN is concerned about tolerance and physical dependence. Which approach is most appropriate in this clinical context?

A patient reports a history of a severe allergic reaction to procaine during a dental procedure. Which local anesthetic would be the safest alternative for this patient?