Kinases are enzymes that catalyze the addition of phosphate groups to target molecules, a process called phosphorylation. Phosphatases are enzymes that catalyze the removal of phosphate groups from already-phosphorylated proteins, a process called dephosphorylation. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation can function as a molecular on/off switch for a protein’s activity, most likely through:

An indirect ELISA assay was performed on a patient’s serum sample. What is the relationship of the amount of enzyme activity to the amount of patient antibody measured?

Which antibody has the highest avidity for an antigen?

Describe a method that could be used to prevent the corrosion of iron.

Describe the function of the labelled components of the above galvanic cell. a) b) c) d) e) f)

You are analyzing the results of a competitive immunoassay. If the instrument detects a very high signal intensity from the label, what conclusion must be drawn about the patient’s analyte concentration?

Consider this figure. Which of the following statements is true?

In an indirect ELISA designed to detect Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) antibodies, what is the specific role of the labeled reagent?

When is enzyme-labeled antibody added in the sandwich immunoassay testing technique?

Presentation aids should be effective and must be a direct, uncluttered example of: