A female who is 27 weeks pregnant presents complaining of a sudden onset of a severe, intermittent pain originating in the left flank and radiating into the left groin. She also complains of nausea and vomiting. Fundal height and fetal heart tones are normal and consistent with dates. Urinalysis reveals hematuria. Ultrasound reveals left hydronephrosis. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Initial management of polycystic kidney disease includes treatment of hypertension, restricted salt intake and increased fluid intake. What other patient education should be included when counseling your patient?

A 55-year-old female presents to your office with complaints of hematuria. When obtaining her history, she reports she has had considerable back pain for about 6 months. You obtain a CMP, CBC and UA that demonstrates an elevated calcium level of 9.5, elevated SCr, anemia and proteinuria. Which of the following diagnoses are you most concerned for?

A 30-year-old female receives a spinal MRI due to back pain. She has no additional symptoms. Her past medical history, social history, and family history are all non-contributory. The results show an incidental finding of a single renal cyst. Which is the correct statement regarding the next step?

Which of the following is the most likely scenario of a patient newly diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma?

A mother brings her 17-year-old son to the clinic with concerns about dark urine. She states he originally thought he was dehydrated, but he has been drinking a lot of water. Mother states he has been drinking too much water because he “seems swollen and puffy”. You obtain a UA and note the urine is tea-colored and is positive for proteinuria, acanthocytes and red blood cell casts. What is another expected finding in this patient?

Indications for dialysis include:

Which of the following is an example of pre-renal disease?

You were asked to read the article on research on protein requirements for endurance and strength athletes.  What was the result of the research regarding protein requirements for both types of athletes?  

_____ is the production of glucose from a non-carbohydrate source, such as amino acids.