Consider the following: Researchers create a study to determine the specific behaviors in ants that are prompted by a specific cuticular hydrocarbon chemical profiles. Researchers are studying mosquitoes to determine which insect repellent compounds (e.g., citronella and picaridin) cause a negative behavioral response. Both studies are basic science.

Basic research only involve observations in nature, whereas applied research includes experiments.

A 25-year-old female is in the ER with a neck trauma after a car accident today. She has the right hemiplegia and Monocular left visual loss (amaurosis fugax). After performing the CCA ultrasound you have found a dissection; Where is the proximal part of this dissection?

About —- of the population, parts of the circle may be hypoplastic (very small) or absent, making the circle incomplete and therefore preventing the development of good collateral flow (von Reutern & von Büdingen 1993), but this may only become apparent in the presence of severe disease. 

In the normal circulation, there may be little blood flow through the communicating arteries in the circle of Willis, but in the presence of severe vascular disease they perform an important role in flow distribution.

Patients with symptoms of TIA or minor stroke are at a cumulative recurrent risk of a stroke due to large-vessel disease at 7 days up to 3 months following symptoms.

What is the function of circle of Willis?

The circle of Willis provides communication between the internal carotid, external carotid, and vertebrobasilar systems.

Circle of Willis is formed by all of the following arteries except one. Which one is the exception?

Pain threshold is best described as which of the following?