1. Andersonian Theory of Faulting [10 pts Total]: On the pr…

1. Andersonian Theory of Faulting : On the provided supplementary document, make four sketches in the space provided of the four main types of faults, two dip-slip (reverse and normal), and two strike-slip (left- and right-lateral). Each sketch must show σ1 and σ3 with the correct angular orientation with respect to the fault plane and each other.  Be sure label each sketch (fault-type) and the hanging wall and footwall for faults that have a dip (not vertical), and arrows that show the sense of motion (e.g., hanging wall up.) –Be sure to specify near each sketch whether the view is a map view (from above) or cross-sectional (sub-surface) view.

Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory condition associated wit…

Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory condition associated with dental plaque that affects the tissues surrounding dental implants and is characterized by the gradual destruction of the bone and soft tissues that support the implant. The following questions are related to a study by Chandrashekar et al. ( https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-66353-x) that evaluated the effects of dental cements in a per-implant rat model. A. (.75 pts) One important function of dental cement is to fix dental implants to teeth, which contain a very specialized extracellular matrix. First, briefly describe the what the ECM is, what it’s composed of, and at least one important function of the ECM you think is important for teeth.  B. (1 pts) In order to study peri-implantitis, this group first performed a scratch assay where they scratched fibroblasts cultured on a bio-ceramic cement (BC) or zinc phosphate (ZP) cement and then looked at the number of cells within the scratched surface after 48 hours in 2.5% or 10% FBS (fetal bovine serum – an additive for cell culture media that contains necessary growth factors). After 24 hours, the cells were fixed and stained for histology. All 10% FBS groups were completely covered at 48 hours, so comparisons were drawn with 2.5% FBS to better detect differences in surfaces. Briefly summarize the findings of this scratch assay, then give a recommendation of BC or ZP cements for further analysis based on the results and describe why. This study then evaluated the biological impact of dental cements in a rat jaw model. Rats were distributed into 4 groups with either a soft diet (SD) (top row) or hard diet(HD) (bottom row): negative control (NC) where titanium implants were inserted but didn’t undergo any further surgery; Titanium implants were inserted and then allowed to heal for 14 days before a re-entry surgery (to simulate clinical cementation) where a sham surgery was performed (to access the site using the same surgical technique but no cement was inserted), the bio-ceramic Cement (BC) was applied, or a positive control (PC) where silk ligature was placed to simulate a form of peri-implantitis.  At 14 days post cement/sham/ligature application, the jawbones were harvested for histological evaluation. The images after H&E staining are shown and quantified in the figure below where * indicates significant differences between groups (p