EXTRA CREDIT Q2. (6 possible points) If you studied the “Focus on Homeostasis” extra credit slides that were posted, then for 3 points each, list both the overall contributions of the following organ systems we covered in this unit that apply to all body systems as well as their contributions that individually apply to each of the other 10 organ systems.  For the nervous system, list the following:  ·       Its general contributions to all body systems listed in detailed bullets (0.5 pts)  ·       Its specific contributions to the other 10 systems listed in detailed bullets (2.5 pts total)  For the muscular system, list the following:  ·       Its general contributions to all body systems listed in detailed bullets (0.5 pts)  ·       Its specific contributions to the other 10 systems listed in detailed bullets (2.5 pts total)

In type ________(give number) diabetes mellitus, the pancreatic beta cells are destroyed largely through autoimmune reactions and thus the patient usually requires insulin injections from the beginning of the disease.

Respiratory Care Case Question Part 1 of 3. Use the following information to answer this question: Your patient today in the emergency department presented with severe diarrhea. They had an ABG procedure performed in their distal radial artery and the results show normal PCO2 levels, high H+ levels/low pH and low bicarbonate levels. Answer the following based on everything you learned about the carbonic anhydrase (CA)–mediated buffer reaction and the regulatory control of ventilation via respiratory chemoreceptor reflexes (including the peripheral ones at the carotid and aortic bodies as well as the central ones in the medulla oblongata): Based on the ABG results, what type of pathological acid-base disturbance is the patient suffering from (hint: it is the opposite of what’s seen in severe vomiting)?

Premature babies frequently need to be put on a respirator to help them breathe despite having smaller alveoli which via the law of Laplace should prevent lung collapse. This is called newborn or infantile respiratory distress syndrome and can result in progressive atelectasis. Why?

The ____________nerve (give name NOT number) is the major source of parasympathetic (craniosacral) outflow.

Based on what you know about the RAS pathway, what do you suspect a primary indication for putting a patient on a medication that acts as direct renin inhibitor (DRI) would be what?

Pick only the one you know best (or none will be graded) AND please start your answer with the question number chosen OPTION A. Describe in about 12-15 clear logical bullet-list sentences how we see via phototransduction (the visual cycle) starting with a photon hitting a rod in the retina, and ending at the back of the brain, i.e., explain what happens going from dark to light. For full credit, need the complete mechanistic step-by-step details including photoreceptor cell components, receptors/receptor types, second messengers and their amplifier & degradative enzymes, channels/ions, and NTs, as well as the relevant associated sensory neurons, CNs and cerebral cortical regions involved. Only need to include relevant anatomic structures essential to describe function.  OR OPTION B. You are on an emergency room (ER) rotation at a local emergency department (ED) when the emergency medical service (EMS) workers bring in a patient whom has lost consciousness. You eventually determine radiologically that they had suffered a ruptured brain aneurysm. An aneurysm results when a blood vessel wall becomes progressively thinner and weaker (usually due to high cerebral blood pressure), and can ultimately burst, negatively impacting the brain areas it normally supplies in a controlled manner. Sometimes unfortunately permanent neurological damage results. Bi. If your patient wakes up and they seem to have all of their normal functions and cognitive abilities intact based on your assessment, except they are blind (anopia), then based on that list out the following: What one lobe of the dorsal part of the brain was most likely damaged? 0.5 pts. What one CN nucleus was most likely damaged (need name + number)? 0.5 pts. Bii. If instead of blindness they could see normally but voluntary control of eye movement via extraocular or extrinsic eye (skeletal) muscles was abnormal, then based on that list out the following: What 2 regions of the brainstem and 1 region of the cerebral cortex were most likely damaged? 1.5 pts (0.5 pts each). Accordingly, what 3 CN nuclei were most likely damaged (need names and numbers) with respect to the above brainstem damage? 1.5 pts (0.5 pts each).

As illustrated by the pump handle and bucket handle analogies, when we inspire our diaphragm (contracts or relaxes) and, at the same time, other muscles that become engaged including the (external or internal) intercostals.

The colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), not to be confused with colony forming units (CFUs) that are often used in microbiology, are cytokine-based hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs) involved in stimulating what process in the red bone marrow?

Vasovagal reflex syncope can result in a loss of consciousness due to parasympathetic overcompensation slowing the heart so much (bradycardia) that not enough blood reaches the brain. What is one explanation for why tachycardia could ALSO cause a loss of consciousness?