The VOR (vestibulocochlear reflex) occurs when our eyes try to stabilize our focus during movement and do so via which three cranial nerves (remember the spinning we did in lab)? Hint: recall the cranial nerves that innervate the extraocular (extrinsic) eye muscles, not the cranial nerve involved in phototransduction. 

Within the nasal cavity, irritating chemicals such as pepper can trigger mucus and tear production and emergency smelling salts can trigger an inhalation reflex. True or False: All of this occurs via the olfactory cranial nerve.

The isotopes of a chemical element, which are taken advantage of in nuclear medicine (imaging/radiology), are determined by the number of what particles? Recall this is the only aspect of subatomic chemistry we needed to know from this section of Ch. 2.

True or False? People with congenital color blindness (color anopia) usually have only two functioning types of cones (i.e., they are dichromats), specifically, they have trouble distinguishing red from green. 

True or False: Generally there is a greater concentration of sodium and chloride ions in the ICF than there is in the ECF.

In order to flex a limb, the extensors must first be relaxed and vice versa. This is done by what neurophysiological process? hint: recall the patellar tendon (ligament) reflex, AKA knee-jerk reflex, from the last chapter.

True or False? The “true” hormone secreting endocrine component of the pituitary gland (AKA hypophysis) is the posterior lobe whereas the anterior lobe is made up of hypothalamic nervous tissue.

One of the reasons why we have the greatest visual acuity at the fovea centralis of the macula lutea is because, while it is densely saturated with photoreceptors, the circuit arrangement is such that only a few of them are associated with each bipolar cell creating (less or more) convergence in this region, thus allowing for (less or more) discrimination between incoming signals.

Complete absence of functioning cones is known as achromatopsia, this very rare genetic disorder leads to total (full spectrum) color blindness. True or False: What these patients see all the time is similar to what a “normal” vision person sees at night via rods.

True or False? Serotonin, AKA 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is derived from an essential amino acid called tryptophan whereas the catecholamines are derived from a nonessential/conditionally essential amino acid called tyrosine.