True or False? The type of hypertension which has no clear cause other than being hereditary is primary (essential) hypertension and accounts for about 90-95% of cases. Whereas, the type of hypertension that is due to an underlying pathology is called secondary hypertension and accounts for the other 5-10% of cases.

Regarding the renal countercurrent exchange/multiplier mechanism, what happens in the descending versus the ascending limb of Henle’s loop in a juxtamedullary nephron?

Both an albuterol inhaler and an EpiPen can help someone dealing with an asthmatic attack by (constricting or dilating) the bronchioles due to excess ACh and histamine stimulation, among other agents.

If you were to take the patient’s respiratory rate and multiply it by their tidal volume minus the anatomical dead space, the value you would get would be their:

When oxygen levels are (above or below) 60 mmHg, the primary stimulus for the peripheral chemoreceptors is (pH or CO2).

Why would a patient with a disease that causes excess aldosterone secretion (called hyperaldosteronism) develop secondary hypertension?

You are on an emergency medicine (EM) rotation rotation and you have an elderly patient that has come to you because they raised the temperature in their hot tub as high as it will go and, after a few minutes in the very warm water, felt faint, past out, and nearly drowned (note that while the elderly tend to migrate to warmer climates, they are constantly at risk of overheating; however, this hot tub fainting effect can happen in younger people as well). What happened here with respect to vasodilation, venous return and cardiac output which led to them having to visit the emergency room (ER)/emergency department (ED)?  

True or False. A large part of the yellow color of urine comes from the RBC breakdown product called stercobilin whereas a large part of the brown color of feces/stool comes from the RBC breakdown product called urobilin. 

With respect to the second step of hemostasis – platelet plug formation, the process begins with platelet adhesion as they are activated by paracrine agents which also reinforce the vasoconstriction from step one. One of those is an eicosanoid called:

The whole point of the extended plateau during the repolarization phase of an action potential in a contractile myocardial cell is to prevent what?