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In buying alliances, participants offer to trade goods or services.

Volvo has the reputation of being one of the safest cars on the road. For those that value safety, Volvo would be the logical choice. This is an example of the lexicographic heuristic of consumer choice.

Prospect theory maintains that consumers frame decision alternatives in terms of gains and losses according to a value function.

In a compensation deal, the seller sells a plant, equipment, or technology to another country and agrees to accept as partial payment products manufactured with the supplied equipment.

Gray market activities harm distributor relations, tarnish the manufacturer’s brand equity, and undermine the integrity of the distribution channel.

In target-return pricing, the firm adds a standard markup to the product’s cost.

The use of media may require international adaptation because media availability varies from country to country.

Companies sometimes initiate price cuts in an attempt to dominate the market through lower costs.

In buyer-seller relationships, the contractual transaction generally shows low levels of trust, cooperation, and interaction.