True or false? The Mandate of Heaven justified the overthrow of bad governments and corrupt or inept rulers and reinforced a common conviction that in order to govern, a ruling house must demonstrate morality and order to retain heaven’s favor.

This was a section of low-lying land between modern Alaska and Russia, now underwater, that once served as a land bridge between continents.

Mary Beard describes Rome as a consuming city, which means that Romans were entirely self-sufficient by making all that they consumed. 

The influence of Mesopotamia on the Indus valley culture is evident in the use of what item?

True or false? Some historians believe that the ummah was open to most monotheistic believers in the first decades at Medina regardless of whether they believed in Islam, Judaism, or Christianity.

True or false? During the expansionist period of Islam, many Christians in the newly conquered areas viewed Muslims as liberating them from Zoroastrianism.

This document asserted that Holy Roman emperors would be selected by seven specific prince-electors the secular rulers of four principalities and the archbishops of three cities within the empire.

The __ was a crisis of Christian authority and questions of papal legitimacy as three popes were appointed at the same time.

What was the foremost center of Muslim scholarship and learning in the fourteenth century?

The city of __ was the plague’s entry point into Europe.