If a patient has noise-induced hearing loss and has come into your clinic due to impacted cerumen, their hearing loss will most likely be mixed.

Describe the differences between sensorineural (SNHL), conductive (CHL), and mixed hearing loss.

Describe this audiogram. Give as many details as possible (Symmetry, Degree, Shape, Type). Audiogram for Exam.png

The ______ rule permits an innocent individual to momentarily possess and dispose of an illegal object.  

Dave works at a local grocery store stocking shelves. After he finished his work shift, he stopped at a local tavern for a quick drink.  Dave ordered a beer and drank approximately one-third of the beer. He then began complaining of not feeling well, dizziness, and double vision. He decided to drive home before he felt any worse. As he drove home he gradually drove off the road and drove through his neighbor’s fence. Dave’s car came to a rolling stop near his house. The fence was destroyed, as was the car. Upon hearing the collision, the neighbor ran up to Dave and found him barely conscious and his breath smelling of alcohol. The neighbor called the police. An officer responded to the scene and found Dave with slurred speech, watery eyes, and smelling of alcohol. Because Dave suffered some apparent injuries in the collision, he was transported to the hospital for processing. The hospital found that Dave’s blood alcohol level was less than one-thousandth of one percent, well below the legal limit for intoxication. While treating Dave’s injuries, he was given a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan to determine whether he had sustained a head injury. The MRI results indicated Dave had an undiagnosed brain disorder in the portion of his brain that regulates consciousness. According to doctors, the brain disorder affected Dave’s reticular activating system of the brain, and because this portion of the brain affects one’s consciousness, this disorder can cause a person to suddenly lose consciousness. The prosecutor is considering whether to prosecute Dave with criminal mischief (for intentionally driving through his neighbor’s fence).  Explain whether the prosecutor will be able to establish all of the essential elements of a criminal offense given the above facts.    

Anchorage Police Officer Franks stopped Robert Jones for a traffic violation. A computer check showed that Jones did not have a valid driver’s license. Officer Franks asked Jones to get out of the car. Jones refused. When Officer Franks started to open Jones’ door, Jones put the car in gear and drove away. Officer Franks jumped in his patrol car and gave chase. During the ensuing high-speed chase through the streets of downtown Anchorage, Officer Franks’ patrol vehicle collided with a third car driven by Michael Max. Officer Franks was uninjured. Max, one the other hand, suffered very serious injuries – his left thigh, right wrist, a nose were broken. Max had to receive emergency surgery to remove his ruptured spleen. Anchorage Police Department prohibits officers engaging in high-speed chase unless specifically authorized by the on-duty patrol sergeant. In this case, subsequent investigation revealed that the on-duty patrol sergeant ordered Officer Franks to disengage in the chase of Jones; Officer Franks disregarded the patrol sergeant’s command. Jones has been charged with one count of first-degree assault for recklessly causing serious physical injury to Max. Jones has asked the superior court to dismiss the assault charge, arguing that he is not the cause of Max’s injuries. Will Jones be successful in his motion to dismiss? Explain why or why not.

Individuals guilty of strict liability crimes act with which culpable mental state?

 In 2018, John Smith – a 15 year-old boy – shot and killed Police Officer Adams while fleeing the scene of a robbery. Specifically, while Smith fled the area, Office Adams confronted Smith and yelled at him to stop. Smith stopped, turned around, and shot Officer Adams in the chest. Office Adams died from his injuries before medics could perform live-saving measures. Alaska law requires a defendant regardless of age, convicted of intentional murder of a police officer, to receive a mandatory 99-year sentence. At sentencing, Smith’s lawyer begs for a lower sentence citing Smith’s youthful age and his underdeveloped brain. Although the sentencing court wants to impose a lower sentence, the sentencing court determines it is required to impose a 99-year sentence. Smith is not eligible for parole. Does Smith’s sentence violate the U.S. Constitution? Explain why or why not.

Fred shot Brad out of revenge.  During surgery, the surgeon accidentally severed a major artery, causing Brad to bleed to death.  Choose the best answer for the most likely outcome.  

When considering intervening causes, what concept determines whether a defendant would be liable?