Missing genetic material is usually less harmful than extra genetic material.

this is a media commentAUDIO CASE: Please read the questions below first and then listen to the audio file to help you answer the questions below.  A 74 year-old male presents to your clinic reporting gradual worsening of speech function over the last 10 years. His medical history is otherwise unavailable to you. A. Based on the audio sample, list at least two perceptually deviant speech characteristics that you hear (2 points) and tell me what speech subsystem (i.e. respiratory, laryngeal, velopharyngeal, etc.) each feature highlights for you (2 points).  B. What motor speech diagnoses do you think most accurately describes this patient (1 point)?  

A 78 year-old male presents to your multi-disciplinary clinic for a baseline evaluation of speech and swallowing function. The medical history is significant for progressive weakness of the right arm and leg. Additionally, examinations reveal hyperreflexia and weakness of the right lower face, right lingual fasciculations and diffuse atrophy. Perceptually, the patient’s vocal quality is strained. The patient exhibits signs of pseudobulbar affect and denies knowledge of his deficits. A. Does this patient exhibit UMN signs, LMN signs, or both? Explain your answer (2 points).    

In an XX mammal, which X chromosome will be inactivated?

The simplest cells are the: 

The lagging strand of DNA is built in pieces called:

Which mechanism of reproduction leads to clonal offspring?

The trait of medium-sized leaves in iris is determined by the genetic condition PP’. Plants with large leaves are PP, while plants with small leaves are P’P’. A cross is made between two plants each with medium-sized leaves. They produce 80 seedlings. What type of cross is demonstrated in this problem?

If a piece of a chromosome breaks off during prophase I and is NOT reattached, what type of mutation can occur?

A 63 year-old female presents to your clinic complaining of a hoarse vocal quality, resonance imbalance (i.e. hypernasality, nasal emissions) and difficulty swallowing. An oral mechanism examination reveals appropriate function of the masticatory, facial, and lingual muscles; however, you note markedly reduced soft palate elevation. E. List two instrumental assessment tools you could select to evaluate the swallowing function in this patient. List a pro and a con of each (2 pt). What are two specific deficits you might expect to see during this part of the evaluation given the limited case history (1 point).