What does it mean when a patient has heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)?  

Identify 5 factors that can contribute to acid reflux. 

The cause of which of the following vocal fold pathologies includes phonotrauma, excessive crying, microvascular lesions, surgical procedure that damages the folds, or prolonged levels of high intensity voice use leading to vocal fold exposure to blood.

A patient has an irregular heartbeat. Out of the options below, which electrolyte is most important to assess as a possible cause?

A patient is admitted with a suspected heart failure exacerbation. Upon assessment, you note the following: Respiratory rate of 32 breaths per minute Oxygen saturation of 91% Crackles in both lower posterior lung fields  No edema, jugular vein distension, or weight gain The patient is most likely experiencing heart failure.

Using the case in the previous question, what is the typical course of management for this pathology? 

The pathology identified below is consistent with .

The pathology identified in the following image is likely a .

Two examples of structural vocal pathologies include and

This measure is the current preferred calculation of the measure of noise in the voice signal.