A 25 year old female presents with complaints of foul smelli…

A 25 year old female presents with complaints of foul smelling urine, painful urination and pink tinged urine. She is in a monogamous relationship and uses barrier contraceptive method. STI testing was recently completed and was negative. The UA was positive for nitrates and WBCs. What is the first line treatment for her diagnosis?

A 48-year-old man is evaluated for a 3-day history of increa…

A 48-year-old man is evaluated for a 3-day history of increasing confusion and lethargy. His wife urged him to seek treatment after having decreased urine output and abdominal pain for the past month. Two months ago, he was hospitalized for pyelonephritis and treated with ceftriaxone.  Medical history includes: Chronic hepatitis C Medications: None taken Vitals include: Temp 98.6*F, pulse 90/min and blood pressure 98/60 Physical exam: Appears pale and irritable. Oriented to person but not to time or place. There is scleral icterus and jaundice. 2+ pitting edema of the lower extremities. The abdomen is distended with a positive fluid wave. Laboratory studies:   Urinalysis shows no abnormalities. Fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) is < 1% Ultrasound of the kidneys is unremarkable. Intravenous fluids are administered for 36 hours but do not improve urine output. Which of the following is the most likely cause of kidney dysfunction in this patient?