A paired-sample t test is examining whether self-esteem changes after receiving either a compliment or neutral feedback from a stranger. In this experiment, what are the independent and dependent variables?  

  What does partial eta squared (η²ₚ) measure in a factorial ANOVA?  

  If you are conducting a one-sample t test and your dataset consists of 50 values, what is the degrees of freedom for the test?  

  If the F ratio is close to 1, what does that typically indicate?  

If a regression analysis shows a strong relationship between two variables, what should you conclude?  

  A researcher calculates Cohen’s d = 0.80 for a study comparing two groups. How should this effect size be interpreted?  

  What is the primary distinction between the independent t test and the paired-sample t test?  

  What is the main difference between a one-way ANOVA and a factorial ANOVA?  

  The spotlight effect is the phenomenon in which individuals believe they are being noticed more than they actually are. Gilovich et al. (2000) demonstrated this by having people wear embarrassing T-shirts and then estimate how many people noticed them. Participants consistently overestimated how much they were noticed. To simulate this, imagine a psychology researcher has students role-play a coffee spill scenario. In one condition, participants spilled coffee on themselves before entering a classroom (Spill Group). In the other condition, participants entered the classroom with no coffee spill (Control Group). After class, all participants were asked to estimate how many classmates they thought noticed them during class. The researcher collected data on the number of people each participant believed had noticed them. What is the independent variable in this study?

A spurious correlation refers to a