If there is no dark matter in the Milky Way Galaxy, what is the best alternative explanation for the observations?

The most common organism of bacterial pneumonia is?

A 60-year-old homeless male patient presents to a public health clinic with complaints of an acute onset of chills and cough that start 2 days ago. The cough is productive of rust colored sputum. The patient complains of sharp chest pain whenever he coughs. He denies pressure or radiation of the pain to his arms, neck, and jaw. His vital signs are the following: 102 degrees F (orally), pulse 100 beats/minute and blood pressure is 130/80. The urinalysis shows a few epithelial cells and no other findings to suggest infection. Bacterial pneumonia is suspected. Which of the following medications would you recommend for this patient?

67-year-old female with a 50-pack-year history of smoking presents for a routine annual physical examination. She complains of becoming easily short of breath and of fatigue. Physical examination reveals diminished breath sounds, hyperresonance, and hypertrophied respiratory accessory muscles. Here complete blood count is slightly elevated. Her pulmonary function test (PFT) results show increased total lung capacity. What is the most likely diagnosis? 

Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is most likely caused by?

Pulmonary function tests are used to guide in diagnoses and some treatment plans in pulmonary disorders. What is gold standard to follow on these studies for obstructive airway disease? 

The Sun’s composition is about hydrogen, helium, and other elements.

A 77-year-old female presents to ER with shortness of breath, severe hypoxia, and hypercapnia. She was intubated and is currently sedated. She was admitted to the ICU. She has bilateral crackles on exam. The nurse practitioner orders a chest Xray and laboratory studies while rounding in the intensive care unit. She has been on ventilator now for 78 hours. The chest Xray shows consolidation in right lower lobe concerning for pneumonia. What is the treatment plan?

A 77 year old female is admitted to the Neuro ICU secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage. 3 days after admission she remains intubated requiring mechanical ventilation.  Morning labs: WBC 15K, H&H 12.5 & 35.1, Plt 205K. Na+ 148, K+ 4.2, Mg+ 2.1, BUN 15, Cr 1.0, glucose 112.  Bilateral crackles on heard on physical exam, therefore a chest x-ray is ordered. Right upper and middle lobe pneumonia is noted.  What is the most appropriate treatment regimen? 

Which of the following elements is NOT typically included in the documentation for validation or verification of a new laboratory test?