A newborn presents with asymmetry in gluteal folds during a well-baby exam. The Ortolani maneuver elicits a palpable “clunk.” Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? 

A 45-year-old male presents with lower back pain radiating down his left leg. He reports numbness and weakness in his left foot. MRI reveals a herniated disc at the L4-L5 level.  What is the most likely cause of his symptoms? 

A 40-year-old female with a fractured ankle has been in a cast for 8 weeks. She now experiences muscle weakness and stiffness in her lower leg.  What is the most likely cause of her symptoms? 

A 50-year-old female with a family history of breast cancer is found to have a mutation in the BRCA1 gene, a tumor suppressor gene.  What is the most likely consequence of this mutation? 

A 35-year-old male presents with knee pain and swelling after twisting his knee while playing soccer. He reports a sensation of the knee “locking” and “giving way.” Physical examination reveals joint line tenderness and a positive McMurray test.  What is the most likely diagnosis? 

A patient with a tissue injury is being treated for acute inflammation. Which of the following best describes the sequence of events that occur during this process? 

A patient with a bacterial infection shows an increased number of neutrophils at the site of infection. What process is responsible for this increase? 

A 20-year-old male presents with severe shoulder pain and deformity after falling on an outstretched arm. Physical examination reveals a prominent acromion and loss of the normal shoulder contour.  What is the most likely diagnosis? 

A 60-year-old female presents with bone pain and frequent fractures. Laboratory tests reveal elevated levels of calcium in the blood. Imaging studies show areas of bone resorption.  What is the most likely cause of her symptoms? 

A 70-year-old female’s cells are found to have entered replicative senescence.  What is the significance of this state?