A scientist is constructing a phylogenetic tree for a group of animals and observes that two distantly related species both have spiny body coverings. However, when examining other species on the tree, the scientist finds that at least three other descendant species positioned between them do NOT have spiny body coverings. According to the parsimony principle, what is the MOST LIKELY explanation for the presence of spiny body coverings in the two distant species?

A population of beetles lives in a forest. A hurricane sweeps through the area, randomly killing a large portion of the population, leaving behind only a few survivors who do not necessarily have traits that make them better adapted to the environment. Over time, the genetic makeup of the population changes due to this random loss of individuals. Which agent of evolution is MOST responsible for this change?

4) In the case of hypertension, how does excessive shear stress on endothelial cells impact the blood vessel’s capacity to self-regulate?

17) The strength of the cardiac muscle contraction depends on ____________________ because compared to skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells __________________.  

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7) According to Poiseuille’s Law, which factor most impacts the volume of liquid that flows through a vessel?

25) Which of the following best describes the rhythm in this ECG strip?

30) What does ejection fraction indicate?

32) A physical therapist is assisting a patient with performing moderate intensity aerobic activity. The physical therapist observes the ECG tracing below. What is the MOST appropriate next step for the physical therapist to take?

For questions 20 and 21, match the numbers 4 & 5 with the accurate term below that defines what activity is occurring in the cardiac cycle (in the diagram shown) at that time