A patient has a blockage in the bile duct. Which of the following processes would be directly affected?

Which system is activated to compensate for the acute hypovolemia? 

A patient with Addison’s disease has low blood pressure and high potassium levels. How does hypoaldosteronism contribute to these symptoms? 

A 70-year-old female presents with confusion, nausea, and headache. Her serum sodium level is 130 mmol/L. She has been taking diuretics for hypertension. 

The functional unit of the liver is the: 

Which hormone produced by the kidneys stimulates red blood cell production? 

An older adult presents with frequent heartburn and regurgitation. Which condition is most likely responsible for these symptoms? 

Chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can lead to which of the following conditions? 

What happens to male primordial structures in embryos destined to be female (46,XX)? 

Diarrhea can result from all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT: