The incredible economic success of post-war Japan came at a cost as business and “the company” often became the most important part of life for Japanese men. Cultural expectations are for a total devotion to one’s job and exclusive firms expect workers to voluntarily exceed their minimum job requirements. Investigative journalists have documented this phenomenon and have called it .

During the Age of Anxiety in the early twentieth century, literature (like art and science) became increasingly difficult for non-specialists and often lacked popular support beyond the critics. An example of this change was Ulysses, written by in 1922. It was written in a stream-of-consciousness style that mimicked the internal thoughts most people have and it was devoid of punctuation.

ended the American Revolution. Britain was forced to recognize the independence of the thirteen colonies and to cede all territory between the Allegheny Mountains and the Mississippi River to the Americans.

Anti-Semitism and violence against Jews in Europe had occurred for centuries, but during the late nineteenth century in Russia, organized anti-Jewish violence known as became common. State officials stood aside as peasants assaulted and killed Jews, looted their homes or shops, and destroyed their property. From 1880-1915, roughly 2 million of Russia’s 4 million Jews emigrated to the United States in order to escape this intense violence and persecution.

Several factions of British society criticized the new conditions created by industrial labor. Among the first to voice their opposition were the Romantic poets. One British poet, , called factories “satanic mills” and protested against the hard life of the London poor.

Napoleon’s strategy for defeating his greatest rival, Great Britain, was a form of economic warfare called . He designed an economic blockade of Great Britain and attempted to prevent British trade with any local foreign nations. This approach only had limited success as France could not control smuggling to Great Britain, particularly from Spain which aggressively opposed the blockade.

During the Revolutions of 1848, Hungarian revolutionaries pushed for autonomy from Habsburg-ruled Austria, full civil liberties, and the end to feudal privileges. This unrest forced the Habsburg Emperor, Ferdinand I, to abdicate in favor of his nephew, . However, once the new emperor abolished serfdom, the Hungarian revolutionary coalition fell apart as the newly free peasants felt no need to continue the revolutionary struggle. Facing a splintered coalition, the new monarch reversed some of his promises and began to rule Hungary as a conquered territory.

Potential administrators competed at the prefectural, provincial, and capital levels through . Candidates had to study the Confucian classics and the Neo-Confucian interpretations of Zhu Xi. Quotas from each region were established and the process was exceedingly competitive, but produced excellent administrators.

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was a seventeenth-century Jewish woman and memoirist whose written accounts detailed the hardships and persecutions that Jews faced in Early-Modern Europe. She raised 13 children and took over her husband’s business interests after his death. She guided her sons to successful careers and provided dowries for her daughters.