Pathogens are taken up using the following mechanisms EXCEPT:

When Shigella gains access to the intestinal epithelium, which of the following apply

Important information can be learned by studying the immune system of female carriers of the XLA disease gene. These individuals show random X chromosome inactivation in their T cells and macrophages among other cells. This finding indicates that:

One important feature of retroviruses such as HIV is their generation of a provirus, a copy of the viral genome that is inserted into the host cell chromosome. In addition to providing a template for viral mRNA transcription, the proviral genome:

NFκB is a key transcription factor activated by the TLRs and NOD pathways and that induces an inflammatory response to infection.  

Which of the following pathogens primarily evades the immune system by pathogenic variation?

T cells homing to gut and those homing to skin can be differentiated by:

Mycobacteria tuberculosis is a bacterial pathogen that  has evolved to  evade the immune system detection. Which of the following mechanism is used by this organism? 

Antigenic drift in influenza is a result of which of the following processes

Both the respiratory and intestinal tracts are part of the mucosal immune system. One key difference between these two barrier tissues is