Which of the following are utilized to create vasoconstriction for dental injections? lidocaine epinephrine levonordefrin norepinephrine

List the following local anesthetics in order from shortest to longest duration of action. 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000epi 3% mepivacaine 5% bupivacaine with 1:200,000epi

Levothyroxine sodium (Synthyroid) is often given to patient’s experiencing:

Your patient presents with a swollen abdomen and jaundice (a sign of liver dysfunction) after a trip to Brazil where he swam in local bodies of water, and reported sometimes feeling a burning/itching sensation after the swim.  Below, is a fecal smear from the patient.  From it, and from his signs and symptoms, you diagnose him as having “snail fever” aka bilharzia. What is the name of the form of the pathogen that is infectious for humans?  a. cercariab. miracidiac. microfilariad. sporozoite What is the intermediate host for this pathogen?   a.  cats b.  humans c.  rats d.  snails What is the definitive host for this pathogen? a.  cats b.  humans c.  rats d.  snails In which main group would we classify the parasites shown below? Hint:  below are the adult forms of the parasite that are in the patient’s liver. a.  Annelida  b.  Cestodesc.  Nematodesd.  Trematodes What is the proper name of the pathogen causing the patient’s illness?  a.  Dracunculus medinensis b.  Enterobium vermicularis c.  Schistosoma mansoni d.  Trichinella spiralis  

What is the balanced equation for the reaction catalyzed by urease?  NOTE 1:  you do not have to use subscripts.  For example, ammonia could be written as NH3. NOTE 2:  partial credit will not be awarded for this question.  (4 points)

Your patient who’s on a ventilator has pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.  You have tested bacteria cultured from his pleural effusions (lung fluid) for antibiotic sensitivity. What is an antibiotic tested here that could be used to treat the patient’s infection? a. ampicillinb. tetracyclinec. Bactrimd. streptomycin What is the mechanism of action of ampicillin/penicillin? a. inhibit cell wall formationb. inhibit protein synthesisc. inhibit cell membrane functiond. inhibit metabolism Why are Pseudomonas bacteria resistant to so many antibiotics?   a.  They bypass the metabolic pathways affected by the antibiotics. b.  They have a number of efflux pumps. c.  They are uncommonly sensitive to mutation. d.  They produce beta-lactamase, naturally.

What enzyme is necessary to produce a positive “I” test? a. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenaseb. hexose kinasec. tryptophanased. tyrosinase Which area of the dry slide (see below) shows a positive ‘I” test? a. top left cornerb. bottom left corner Which Simmon’s citrate tube (see below) is positive? a. Tube 1b. Tube 2 What must an organism be able to do to produce a positive citrate test? a.  have tryptophanase b.  have catalase c.  have citrase d.  have lactase

Like all medical/diagnostic tests, COVID-19 tests are characterized by their sensitivity and their specificity. Sensitivity is:  a.  the ability to detect a true negative. b.  the ability to detect a true positive. c.  the ability to generate a true negative. d.  the ability to generate a true positive. Specificity is: a.  the ability to detect a true negative. b.  the ability to detect a true positive. c.  the ability to generate a true negative. d.  the ability to generate a true positive.  

If a microbe does only the 2, 3-butanediol fermentation, what would be the appearance of its MR test?  What three sugars are present in TSI medium?  Note:  partial credit will not be awarded for this question.  What survival advantage would pellicle formation provide to bacteria?  (3 points, total)

Which of the PR lactose tubes (see above) is negative for fermentation? a. far-left tubeb. middle tubec. far right tube Would an organism that can’t ferment glucose be able to ferment lactose or sucrose? a. nob. yes What would happen if a PR sugar culture was incubated for more than 48 hours? a. false negativeb. false positive Which of the TG tubes (see below) contains an organism that is an obligate aerobe? a. Tube 1b. Tube 2c. Tube 3d. Tube 4 Where in a TG tube would an organism that can grow anaerobically and aerobically grow? a. topb. middle and bottomc. throughoutd. bottom