Bruce Sidell (University of Maine) and his colleagues examined the myoglobin gene in icefish with pale hearts. Which of the following is correct about their findings? Mark all that apply.

Notothenioids are an odd case in nature. They have ditched two oxygen-carrying proteins (hemoglobin and myoglobin) that have been around 500 million years and they appear to be doing just fine. They really burned their bridges. They may have painted themselves in an evolutionary corner. What are their chances of survival if the Southern Ocean warms?

Based on the DNA record, which is the correct order of steps in the pathway of Antarctic icefish evolution. 1. Loss of erythrocytes and hemoglobin 2. Loss of myoglobin 3. Invention of antifreeze glycoprotein and cold-stable tubulin    

What food source, sometimes called liquid meat, consists of mainly protein and water, is packed with iron, vitamin D, and other nutrients, and makes up to 11% of a vertebrate animal’s body?

The antifreeze glycoprotein is coded from by a gene. What ancestral gene, altered by mutations and natural selection, explains the origin of the AFGP gene?

What can we infer about natural selection and evolution when seeing the example of the loss of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and myoglobin in notothenioids? Evolution and natural selection lack foresight. The process doesn’t move toward some future set adaptational goal. It can’t plan for the future. The process appears to act only in response to current conditions. Natural selection can’t preserve what is no longer used.

Which of the following are evidence that the AFGP gene descended from a gene for the digestive enzyme trypsinogen? Mark all that apply.

In 1948, a student of Rund noticed something odd about the gills of icefish compared to other fish. What was it?

Who discovered that the sera of several notothenioids froze at temperatures (-2.0 – 2.1 C) well below the freezing point of temperate fish (0.8 C)?  

How did Johan Rund first hear about bloodless fish living in the Southern Ocean in 1929?