“Inadequate police training may serve as the basis for municipal liability under Section 1983, but only if the failure to train amounts to ________________ to the right of persons with whom the police come into contact.”

Which of the following is not an indicator that serves as a building block of probable cause?

“Under the ____________ doctrine, the item seized is limited to what is in the officer’s sight. By contrast, items known or observed through the use of the officer’s other senses(smell, hearing, touching, and tasting) fall under the _____________ doctrine.”

“In Illinois v. Rodriguez, the Court held that searches in which the person giving consent has __________ authority are valid.”

“In United States v. Chadwick, the Court held that a warrantless search of a movable container found in a motor vehicle is invalid in the absence of ______________.”

“Which of the following court cases does away with the requirement that for plain view to apply, the discovery of the evidence must be purely accidental?”

A frisk can only be used by an officer when he justifiably stops someone and has a:

______________ under federal law provides that the officer is not held liabile unless he or she violated a clearly established constitutional rule of which a reasonable person would have known.

Which of the following agencies have increased search and seizure powers over person and property coming into this country?

Which of the following is no longer a necessary element of the plain view doctrine?